Learn How to Pronounce German Words in English

While the proper way to pronounce some German terms in English may be debatable, this isnt one of them: Porsche is a family name, and the family members pronounce their surname PORSH-uh. Can you remember when the French automaker Renault still sold cars in North America? (If youre old enough, you may recall Renaults Le Car.) In the early days, Americans pronounced the French name ray-NALT. Just about the time that most of us had learned to say ray-NOH correctly, Renault pulled out of the U.S. market. Given enough time, Americans usually can learn to pronounce most foreign words correctly—if you dont include ​maitre d or hors-doeuvres.   Example of Another Silent-E Another â€Å"silent-e† example is also a brand name: Deutsche Bank.  It could be a carryover from the now entrenched mispronunciation of Germanys former currency, the Deutsche Mark (DM). Even educated English-speakers may say â€Å"DOYTSH mark,† dropping the e. With the arrival of the euro and the demise of the DM, German company or media names with â€Å"Deutsche† in them have become the new mispronunciation target: Deutsche Telekom, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Bahn, or Deutsche Welle. At least most people get the German â€Å"eu† (OY) sound right, but sometimes that gets mangled as well. Neanderthal or Neandertal Most informed people prefer the more German-like pronunciation nay-ander-TALL. Thats because Neanderthal is a German word and German does not have the th sound of English â€Å"the.† The Neandertal (the alternate English or German spelling) is a valley (Tal) named for a German by the name of Neumann (new man). The Greek form of his name is Neander. The fossilized bones of Neandertal man (homo neanderthalensis is the official Latin name) were found in the Neander Valley. Whether you spell it with a t or th, the better pronunciation is nay-ander-TALL without the th sound.   German Brand Names On the other hand, for many German brand names (Adidas, Braun, Bayer, etc.), the English or American pronunciation has become the accepted way to refer to the company or its products. In German, Braun is pronounced like the English word brown (same for Eva Braun, by the way), not BRAWN. But youll probably just cause confusion if you insist on the German way of saying Braun, Adidas (AH-dee-dass, emphasis on the first syllable) or Bayer (BYE-er). The same goes for Dr. Seuss, whose real name was Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904-1991). Geisel was born in Massachusetts to German immigrants, and he pronounced his German name SOYCE. But now everyone in the English-speaking world pronounces the authors name to rhyme with goose.   Frequently Mispronounced Terms German in Englishwith correct phonetic pronunciation Word/Name Pronunciation Adidas AH-dee-dass Bayer bye-er BraunEva Braun brown(not 'brawn') Dr. Seuss(Theodor Seuss Geisel) soyce GoetheGerman author, poet GER-ta ('er' as in fern)and all oe-words Hofbrà ¤uhausin Munich HOFE-broy-house Loess/Là ¶ss (geology)fine-grained loam soil lerss ('er' as in fern) NeanderthalNeandertal nay-ander-tall Porsche PORSH-uh **Phonetic guides shown are approximate. English in Germanwith common German mispronunciation Wort/Name Aussprache airbag (Luftkissen) air-beck chatten (to chat) shetten corned beef kornett beff live (adj.) lyfe (live=life) Nike nyke (silent e) ornee-ka (German vowels)

Group Parent Child Interaction Therapy - 1510 Words

Research Study #2: Group Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Citation: Niec, L. N., Barnett, M. L., Prewett, M. S., Shanley Chatham, J. R. (2016). Group parent–child interaction therapy: A randomized control trial for the treatment of conduct problems in young children. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 84(8), 682-698. Previous Research: Parent management, based on behavioral principles, is considered the best treatment for children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) or conduct disorder (CD). Within the past 40 years there have been meaningful advances in this kind of treatment; however, now that the treatment exists the question is how does this kind of therapy reach enough families? Purpose of the Research: The†¦show more content†¦Children diagnosed with ODD or CD were randomly picked to participate in individual PCIT (n = 42) or group PCIT (n = 39). Procedures – Randomization was arranged by medication status. To clarify, children who were taking medication fell into individual PCIT, while children who were not on medication fell in group PCIT. Individual PCIT was held once a week for one hour. The principles and skills were presented during sessions using didactic, modeling, and role play, followed by four coaching sessions in which the therapist provided feedback to parents who were actively practicing the skills with their children. Parents practiced the skills at home during â€Å"play sessions† with their children (5 minutes a day during child–directed phase; 10–15 minutes a day during parent–directed phase). Group PCIT was held once a week for two hours, to allow sufficient time to coach each parent–chil d. As in individual PCIT, group PCIT used the same didactic and coaching sessions. Instruments/Measures: Parents completed standardized measures of their child’s conduct problems, parenting stress, and social support during intake, post–treatment, and 6–month follow–up. Therapist ratings. parent attendance, and homework completion provided measures of treatment compliance. Instruments included the following: Wonderlic Personal Test (WPT): 50–item test designed to scale adult intelligence. The WPT timed score was used as aShow MoreRelatedReactive Attachment Disorder ( Rad ) Treatment1246 Words   |  5 Pagesfor RAD: inner child work, cognitive restructuring, insight oriented therapy, holding therapy, re-parenting, cognitive behavioral therapy, and theraplay to name a few. Nevertheless, some of them have proven to be more effective than others, while some are highly controversial such as holding therapy which consist of obligating the disordered child to hugged or force them to receive tokens of affection against their will. Re-parenting can also be somewhat controversial when parents of children haveRead MoreThe Implementation Of Music Therapy Workshop Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesResources. 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Case Study of Amelia Suffering through Asthma Free Sample

Question: Introduction State an Overview of the Patients condition and Identify the Two Priority Nursing Problems. Give a brief plan for the Essay topics. Answer: Introduction: Amelia is suffering through Asthma. Asthma is common problem in children. Amelia is exhibiting, signs and symptoms related to the Asthma. These signs and symptoms include increase in respiratory rate, less oxygen saturation, cough and wheezing. Amelia is also exhibiting rhinorrhea. Amelia is prescribed with medications like prednisolone as anti-inflammatory drug and salbutamol as bronchodilator. Supplemental oxygen also supplied to Amelia. Restricted airway and inflamed airway are the two problems identified in Amelia. These two problems occur in Amelia due to cascade of events comprised of allergy, inflammation, secretions of mediators, bronchoconstriciton and insufficient breathing. In the essay, these problems are correlated with the signs and symptoms of Amelia. For each problem, two interventions are discussed. These interventions would be helpful in improving condition of Amelia. Restricted airway problem: Amelia is having restricted airway problem. In asthma allergen induced and IgE dependent immune mechanism occurs. As a result, there is release of different mediators like histamine, leucotrines and prostaglandins. These mediators produce contraction of the airway smooth muscle. As a result there is occurrence of airway narrowing and bronchoconstriction. Airway inflammation is the predominant causes of the restricted airway. Due to restricted airway, there can be insufficient airway clearance, insufficient breathing, increased respiratory rate, hypoxia and decrease in the oxygen saturation level (Bonini and Usmani, 2015). In Amelia also there is evidence of increased respiratory rate. In children Amelias age respiratory rate should be between 20 30 breaths per minute. However, in case of Amelia respiratory rate was 34 breaths per minute. Oxygen saturation should be between 95 100 % in children. However, in case of Amelia it was 90 %. Amelia is associated with moist cough and this t ype of cough is called as productive cough. In productive cough phlegm is expelled from the respiratory tract. As a result, infective agents and foreign particles can be expelled out from the respiratory tract. Rhinorrhea is also observed in case of Amelia. Rhinorrhea is the condition in which there is considerable amount of mucus in the nasal cavity. Inflammation in the airways leads to secretions of different mediators in the respiratory tract (Patadia et al., 2014). These secretions get accumulated in the nasal cavity. Restricted airway and accumulation of these secretions in the airways and nasal cavity lead to the insufficient airway clearance. Insufficient airway clearance leads to insufficient breathing. Due to insufficient breathing there is less exchange of oxygen at the alveoli-capillary interface. As a result, there is less amount of oxygen in the blood, which need to be supplied to tissues and organs. Amount of oxygen carrying by blood is termed as the oxygen saturation level. In Amelia, this oxygen saturation level is less as compared to the normal level. It reflects her blood is carrying less amount of blood. As a result there is less supply of oxygen to the tissues and organs. Lung has compensatory mechanism for this insufficient oxygen. Lung starts breathing at faster rate to supply more amount of oxygen to the tissues and organs. Hence, increased respiratory rate was observed in Amelia (Mims, 2015). Sitting up posture intervention: For restricted airway problem, sitting up posture as a nursing intervention should be provided. This nursing intervention facilitates breathing in Amelia. Sitting up position can increase stretching of lungs and increase in surface area of lungs for gas exchange. In this position, lungs are flexible and chest expands to take more amount of air in. Goal of this nursing intervention is to facilitate maximum respiratory function in Amelia. By sitting up, maximum respiratory function can be achieved in Amelia without much physical efforts and by providing comfortable positioning (Kim et al., 2012). Pillow can be used to support back of the Amelia. More number of pillows should not be used because there is possibility of sink in the pillows. This can lead to restriction of chest movements. Slight movement of the foot of Amelia on the bed can be helpful in preventing her from going into the sleep. Comfortable position can be provided to Amelia by making her to sit on the edge of the bed or in an armchair. She can also seat on the table with her hands inclined towards the front side. Heels, ankles, sacrum and elbows are the pressure points in the body. Amelia should not give much stress on these parts of the body while sitting. Maximum expansion of the chest can be achieved by adjusting inclination against the wall, resting head on the raised arm and inclination over banister (Melam et al., 2014). Implementation of this nursing intervention is difficult in case of children. Children always try to keep sliding on the bed. In the literature, it is evident that, positioning of children in sitting upright position improved oxygen saturation level in adjuvant with standard asthma therapy. Sitting up in the upright position can be improved in children by educating Amelia and parents about importance of sitting up position. Salbutamol: Salbutamol was used in case of Amelia as a beta adrenergic agonist and bronchodilator. Salbutamol is the 2 adrenergic stimulant and it is having effect in long tem. Salbutamol produces its action by inhibiting release of mast cells. In restricted airway problem of Amelia, salbutamol can be effectively used because it produces bronchodilation effect and improves drainage of mucus in the airways (van Buul and Taube, 2015). Assessment of effect of salbutamol in case of Amelia should be evaluated within approximately 1 2 hours after administration of salbutamol. Assessment can be performed by tests like arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis and pulmonary function test (PFT). Nurse should perform evaluation of respiratory parameters in Amelia prior to after administration of salbutamol. Based on the outcome of after administration of salbutamol, modifications in the dose and frequency should be done. Nurse should monitor for the central nervous system (CNS) stimulation in Amelia because in children between age 2 6, there is possibility of CNS stimulation. CNS stimulation includes hyperactivity, excitement, nervousness and insomnia. Nurse should also monitor Amelia for signs and symptoms of fine tremor in figures, tachycardia and gastrointestinal tract (GI) symptoms. Nurse should educate Amelia and her parents about use of inhaler. Nurse should instruct them to avoid contact with eye. Nurse should advise them not to increase frequency of inhalations without consultation of the doctor. Salbutamol can induce dizziness or vertigo, hence precautions should be taken while taking salbutamol (Neininger et al., 2015). Inflamed airway problem: Second problem in case of Amelia is inflamed airway. Asthma is mainly disease of airway inflammation. In case of asthma, inflammation is the bodys reaction to allergens. Due to inflammation, bronchial tubes become swollen and narrowed. Inflammation also leads to release of different inflammatory mediators. Different inflammatory cells are responsible for inflammation in asthma like Th2 lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophases and resident cells of airway. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are responsible for inflammation in asthma (Kim et al., 2016). There is also occurrence of edema of in bronchial tube as a result of progressive inflammation. There is more release of mucus in airways which results in the deposition of mucus plugs in the airways. This deposition of mucus in nasal cavity is termed as rhinorrhea which was observed in Amelia. This leads to the limitation of air passage through bronchial tube. This can result in dyspn ea and less oxygen saturation. In case of Amelia also, less oxygen saturation was observed. Deposition of mucus can produce cough in Amelia. This cough is for expelling deposited mucus. In case of Amelia also, moist cough observed. In acute stage, inflammation would not cause narrowing of bronchial tube, however persistent and chronic cough can lead to the narrowing of the bronchial tube. This narrowing of bronchial tube can be exaggerated by external stimuli like dust or cold air (Erjeflt, 2010). Trigger of inflammation lead to the cascade of events which lead to the dysfunctioning of the lung. Narrowing of the bronchial wall lead to insufficient breathing as a result there is rapid rate of breathing. In Amelia, rapid breathing rate was observed. Narrowing of bronchial tube leads to difficulty in the air passage. This leads to forcibly passage of air through narrow and constricted airways. This forceful passage of air gives whistling sound of exhaled air which is known as wheezing. Wheezing was also observed in case of Amelia (Chawes, 2011). Hydrocortisone: Hydrocortisone is a short acting steroid with both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid propertiese. Hydrocortisone can perform different functions like antiinflammation and immunosuppression. In case of Amelia, occurrence of asthma is mainly due to the inflammation. Hydrocortisone can be useful in treating this inflammatory phase of asthma. In asthma, Th2 medicated immune mechanisms can occur. Hydrocortisone can also be helpful in treating immune system disturbance in Amelia. Hydrocortisone can be useful in treating asthma in Amelia by stabilizing leukocyte lysosomal memebranes and inhibiting release of allergic substances. Hydrocortisone produces immunosuppression activities by modifying immune response to diverse stimuli, reducing antibody titers and suppressing hypersensitivity reactions. Hydrocortisone should be initiated in Amelia within one hour of occurrence of symptoms like cough and wheezing. Prednisolone, which is a corticosteroid, should be used in Amelia (Olin and Wechsl er, 2014). Prednisolone should be initiated with single 2 mg/kg dose. Maximum dose of prednisolone should 50 mg per day. In subsequent days, 1 mg/kg twice a day can be administered (Kravitz et al., 2011). If Amelia is suffering through acute severe wheezing, prednisolone should not be administered in Amelia to avoid its over use. Nurse should monitor blood pressure, weight, fluid and electrolyte balance and glucose level. Nurse also should monitor platelet count and white blood cells differential count in Amelia. Nurse should monitor her for hypocalcemia. Nurse should monitor Amelia for chest pain and fractures of long bones. Nurse should assess Amelia for susceptibility of infection. Nurse should advise family members of Amelia to supply high protein, calcium and vitamin D rich food. Nurse should monitor Amelia for behavioral and psychological aspects. There is possibility of mood changes and depression due to long term consumption of hydrocortisone. If Amelia is subjected to certa in stress due to surgery or injury, the nurse should adjust dose of hydrocortisone. Nurse should perform ophthalmic examination in Amelia, in case of long term administration of hydrocortisone. The 2015 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines identified hydrocortisone through inhalation route as the preferred treatment for Asthma (Zhang et al., 2014). Education as intervention: Another nursing intervention for inflamed airways of Amelia is education to Amelia and her parents. This intervention is important for Amelia and her parents because they might not have enough knowledge of Asthma. Nurse should tell Amelia about correct way of breathing and coughing. Nurse should tell her to take deep breath and cough for 2 3 times in a sequence. Nurse should tell her to use abdominal muscle for coughing. The nurse should tell her to change her position continuously during coughing. Nurse should tell Amelia and her parents to maintain hygienic condition. Because patients with Asthma are more susceptible for infection. Nurse should advise Amelia to wash her hands properly before eating. Nurse should also advise Amelia to wear gloves and facemask (Klok et al., 2015). Nurse should advise Amelia to keep herself away from the dust and allergens. Dust and allergens may exaggerate inflammation of airways. Nurse should advise Amelia to take more amounts of fluids. This fluid intake would be helpful in thinning mucus and its expulsion would be easy. Nurse should warn Amelia and her family members about the decrease in food intake. Hence, she should take food with more calories. This decrease in food intake might be due to continuous coughing and change in food taste due to inhalation of medications. Nurse should ask her to rinse her mouth after taking inhalation. Nurse should educate Amelia and her family members about proper consumption of prescribed medications. Parents should take care that Amelia should not miss single dose of medications. Nurse should educate Amelia and her parents about use of inhaler. Nurse should advise Amelia and her parents, not to change dose of inhalation without doctors consultation (VanGarsse et al., 2015; Young, 2011). Conclusion: Amelia is diagnosed with Asthma. Amelia exhibited symptoms related to the respiratory system. Form the symptoms exhibited by Amelia; it can concluded that, there is decline in lung function in Amelia. Restricted airway and inflamed airway are the two common problems associated with decline in lung function. Inflamed airway occurs due to the exaggerated response to allergens and restricted airway may occur due to augmented release of secretions in inflammation. Both these problems results in the insufficient breathing and dyspnea in Amelia. Sitting-up posture and salbutamol administration are the two interventions provided in case of restricted airway. Sitting-up posture helped Amelia for easy breathing and salbutamol was used as bronchodilator. Bronchodilators can reduce narrowness of restricted airway. Hydrocortisone administration and education to Amelia and her parents, are two interventions provided for inflamed airway. Hydrocortisone such as prednisolone was administered to Amel ia to reduce inflammation. Education was provided to Amelia and her parents to manage consequences of inflamed airway. In summary, identification of the problem and provision nursing intervention would be helpful in improving condition of Amelia. References: Bateman, E.D., Reddel, H.K., van Zyl-Smit, R.N., and Agusti, A. (2015). The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: towards a revised taxonomy of chronic airways diseases? Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(9), 719-28. Bonini, M., Usmani, O.S. (2015). The role of the small airways in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 9(6), 281-93. Chawes, B.L. (2011). Upper and lower airway pathology in young children with allergic- and non-allergic rhinitis. Danish Medical Bulletin, 58(5), B4278. Erjeflt, J.S. (2010). The airway epithelium as regulator of inflammation patterns in asthma. Clinical Respiratory Journal, 4(1), 9-14. Kim, K., Byun, M., Lee, W., Cynn, H., Kwon, O., and Yi, C. (2012). Effects of breathing maneuver and sitting posture on muscle activity in inspiratory accessory muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 7(1), 9. doi. 10.1186/2049-6958-7-9. Kim, H.Y., Umetsu, D.T., and Dekruyff, R.H. (2016). Innate lymphoid cells in asthma: Will they take your breath away? European Journal of Immunology, 46(4), 795-806. Kravitz, J., Dominici, P., Ufberg, J., et al. (2011). Two days of dexamethasone versus 5 days of prednisone in the treatment of acute asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 58, 200-204. Klok, T., Kaptein, A.A., and Brand, P.L. (2015). Non-adherence in children with asthma reviewed: The need for improvement of asthma care and medical education. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 26(3), 197-205. Melam, G.R., Buragadda, S., Alhusaini, A., Alghamdi, M.A., Alghamdi, M.S., and Kaushal, P. (2014). Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(4), 591-593. Mims, J.W. (2015). Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. International Forum of Allergy Rhinology, 5(l), S2-6. Neininger, M.P., Kaune, A., Bertsche, A., Rink, J., et al., (2015). How to improve prescription of inhaled salbutamol by providing standardised feedback on administration: a controlled intervention pilot study with follow-up. BMC Health Services Research, 15, 40. Olin, J..T, Wechsler, M.E. (2014). Asthma: pathogenesis and novel drugs for treatment. British Medical Journal, 349, g5517. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g5517 Patadia, M.O., Murrill, L.L., Corey, J. (2014). Asthma: symptoms and presentation. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 47(1), 23-32. van Buul, A.R, Taube, C. (2015). Treatment of severe asthma: entering the era of targeted therapy. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 15(12), 1713-25. VanGarsse, A, Magie, R.D., and Bruhnding, A. (2015). Pediatric asthma for the primary care practitioner. Primary care, 42(1), 129-42. Young, C. (2011). Patient education. Avoiding asthma triggers: a primer for patients. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 111(7), S30-2. Zhang, L., Prietsch, S.O., and Ducharme, F.M. (2014). Inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: effects on growth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (7):CD009471. doi: 10.1002/14651858.

Marketing Strategy of Levis Essay Example

Marketing Strategy of Levis Paper The Marketing Strategy Employed by Levis Works Cited Missing In order for a new brand to establish itself in its market and for its products to sell successfully, thus achieving company goals and shareholder profitability, a number of key principles concerning consumer behaviour have to be fully grasped and addressed. As well as producing a range of new, exciting and quality garments, the firm will need to ensure that its products are cleverly and thoughtfully marketed to the appropriate consumer groups. In this report I will look at the marketing strategy employed by Levis on their new Anti-Fit style jeans, and at the importance of consumer behaviour in deriving this strategy. I will also look at the importance of a clear and up to date comprehension of the factors that affect consumer behaviour, paying particular attention to the key role that perception will play in forming consumers attitudes towards the new range of designer jeans. I will continue on to show how favourable perceptions about Levis brand identity will have a positive effect in raising consumer motivation to purchase a product from their range. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fashion industry at this time; a time of increasing disposable incomes and incidence of recreational shopping, is intensely competitive. We can draw on many examples to highlight the point that; companies who have established a strong and clear brand image, have tended to command a larger market share than those companies whos image is either unfavourable, for example old fashioned, or unattached to specific and clear values. Establishing a strong and istinguishable brand image for the Anti-Fit range of jeans is the central idea behind Levis marketing strategy for breaking into the competitive market and ultimately gaining a favourable share of the market for designer jeans. Creating the right brand image is largely dependent upon being in tune with the mindsets, beliefs, values and aspirations of the modern, well-informed consumer. Moreover ensuring that the consumer perceives the firm to be in tune with their way of thinking and holding similar values centrally to the Levis bra nd identity will be the key to ensuring marketing success. When advertising the Anti-Fit product Levis must ensure that its messages are clear and perceived by the desired audience in the intended manner. Evans, Moutinho and Van Raaij (1996) believe that aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the more we understand about the perceptual process both generally and of the target market concerned, the more we can ensure that the intended receivers of the message will interpret it in the intended manneraâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ (pp. 55). The notion of branding can have significant effects on consumers perceptions of product characteristics and attributes. Studies have shown customers can often not tell the differences between the various brands but labels and their associations definitely influenced their evaluations. (Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall) This shows that customers perceptions of products can derive from marketing effort alone; brand images and brand differentiation can be the consumers only guide to want satisfaction. This is particularly evident in a highly branded stylised market such as the jeans market. Therefore pursuing the correct marketing campaign is essential to appeal to the target audience, in an already highly differentiated market. When shopping for designer jeans consumers are more likely to consider purchasing a brand product from his or her awareness set than from a company whos brand image he or she has not been exposed to. Brand awareness is an obvious precondition to purchase. (Jobber 2004) The purchase of a pair of designer jeans may be considered neither a high involvement nor low involvement purchase, where involvement may be thought of as aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance accompanying brand choice (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 2001: quoted in Jobber 2004). The following model is an amalgamation of Fisbein and Ajzens model for high involvement purchases and Enrenberg and Goodharts model for low involvement situation. [IMAGE] The influences at work when shopping for designer jeans. The purchase of a pair of designer jeans is seldom undertaken with the same abandon and low risk as, for example, the purchase of a pair of socks. Jeans may be worn and enjoyed for many months, even years. Therefore the consumer would want to ensure that the jeans will remain comfortable, fashionable and flattering for more than a few outings. Creating a brand that is seen to be fashionable, desirable and having a degree of exclusivity, is vital for attacking the designer end of the jeans market. Referring to the model above and what has been written up to this point, suppose two comparably priced jeans were tested, both equally well fitting and both well styled. A consumer may be swayed by brand snobbery, wishing to attach herself to the brand he or she believes matches his or her beliefs and attitudes and will result in greater approval from his or her significant references. The more aware a consumer is of a brand, the more likely he or she may be to purchase its product. Perception of products and brand identity has a big impact on consumer purchasing behaviour, within a dynamic fast moving market, such as the jeans market; where style and originality is the key. Perception is defined as the entire process by which an individual becomes aware of his environment and interprets it so that it will fit into his own frame or reference (Walters in Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall 1977). People become aware of their environment through the five senses, therefore sensation is the process by which perception begins. Also important is the process of interpretation, which depends on the socio-psychological meanings the individual attaches to the object perceived. Everybody perceives things differently and this is important when thinking about grouping people into a particular market segment or marketing a brand in a particular way, as potential consumers may not interpret such things with the same meaning as intended. 0% of stimuli are received through sight, therefore when marketing a new range of designer jeans visual stimuli are a key method of attracting potential consumers. Potential customers within such a competitive market have a number of factors influencing their purchasing behaviour. Consumer buying is motivated by something more than awareness; it depends on the consumers needs and drives, tastes and aspirations, attitudes, personality and social environment. Products are not only purchased for their functional values but also, for the social and psychological meanings they convey. The purchase of a pair of jeans is linked, to what extent is dependent on the individual, to the formulation and shaping of a consumers self-image. Purchasing a pair of jeans will to some degree shape a persons self-image and the way others may perceive them. As marketers, a company must align the consumers self-perception and the image they intend to project to others, with the attributes and values they perceive to be attached to the company and its associated products. Grubb and Grothwohl (1967) suggest image research within marketing seeks to link the psychological construct of an individuals self-concept with the symbolic value of the goods purchased (p 23). A consumer will purchase goods that they believe will either enhance their self-image, or those which help the consumer to feel closer to their self image. Therefore we may think of goods, in this case designer jeans, as symbols that communicate something about the individual to his significant references (p 24). The selective nature of perception and attention act as a way of coping with the constant bombardment of stimuli, the precise manner in which the person allows some messages to penetrate while rejecting others depends on values, motives and attitudes as well as social situation. With a prior knowledge of this aspect of consumer purchasing behaviour, it is clear that when selecting and targeting potential consumers marketing strategies must incorporate a wide range of factors to appeal to a market segment which may encompass people with wide ranging beliefs, attitudes and values. For example marketing for young, trendy professionals looking for up to the minute style may represent a particular market segment but within this segment individuals may have varying beliefs or values. Therefore, by simply targeting a segment of the market we cannot assume homogenous perceptions of a new product. Differing attitudes to a particular strategy may be widely evident, therefore understanding consumers purchasing behaviour in relation to differing perceptions will give a wider insight into possible effective strategies.

9 LinkedIn Marketing Tips for Small Businesses

9 LinkedIn Marketing Tips for Small Businesses On July 10, 2014, Social Media Examiner quoted me in their compilation article 9 LinkedIn Marketing Tips From the Pros. Since I often receive questions about how companies can use LinkedIn for their marketing efforts, I thought it would be valuable to share this post with you. If you are a job seeker, all but the first of these tips apply to you! Here’s what you’ll learn about strategies to boost your LinkedIn marketing: Use LinkedIn Sponsored Updates to build credibility and exposure. Use LinkedIn’s analytics to make sure you’re getting sufficient value from your investment. (I have not used this feature but it might be the right strategy for some businesses.) Add Rich Visual Content to Your LinkedIn Profile to spice up its look and feel! Implement Influence Networking (Build real, personalized, ongoing relationships) to stand out from your competitors. Offer Value in Discussion Groups (Provide quality content to prospective buyers) to establish thought leadership and trust. Optimize Your Personal Profile (How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is a great start for this!) Tag Your Connections in Posts using the @ symbol followed by the person’s name. Focus on Small, Local Discussion Groups to make the biggest impact with your discussion participation (this was my contribution to the article!) Develop Relationships Instead of Adding Connections, through both your personal and company pages. Don’t Treat LinkedIn Like an Online Version of Your Resume – instead, be creative with your presentation of what you can do for your customers. Sell yourself based on the problems you can solve. (If you are a job seeker, you might be thinking you need to have an online version of your resume. But you can take a creative approach rather than create a carbon copy on LinkedIn. Consider what will sell you the best to a prospective employer and write your profile that way!) For expanded information on each one of these points, check out the full article at 9 LinkedIn Marketing Tips From the Pros. And if you’re a small business looking for ongoing LinkedIn marketing support, please contact us at teesupport@theessayexpert.com. We have experts we can refer you to!

Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment

Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment Introduction Latin Americans today are striving to achieve a more equitable and free society conditioned by the influence of Christianity, Marxism and liberalism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, all these efforts have been met with sheer frustration since most Latin countries have been unable to find lasting solutions to the problems that they have been facing. The situation is further contrasted by the fact that the South American Continent is vast with rich natural resources which if well exploited, can stimulate an economic boom in the continent. With this awareness still lingering in the minds and hearts of Latin Americans, a blame game has ensued over who or what is responsible for the failure of the continent to acquire a more developed continental status like the rest of Europe and North America( Foroohar,2001 ). One end of this blame game has it that the reason for underdevelopment in Latin America despite its vast resources has been caused by American and European imperialism. The proponents of the American Imperialism argue that the United States of America is entirely responsible for siphoning the vast continent’s resources of South America which would have otherwise been used to fuel development programs in the continent. The argument is that North America’s rich status came at the expense of the South’s poverty. Many feel that North America is rich because the South is poor, that is, one had to pay the cost for the other and in this case it was the South that did (Rangel, 1987).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This argument has gained a widespread appeal as a gospel truth that explains the current state of affairs in a continent that is still trying to fin d its footing and kick start serious economic and development agendas. The anti-imperialism slogan has become revolutionary to an extent that it is fueling animosity and outbursts of anger against the Northern Hemisphere. Some political establishments are openly becoming anti-American and are heavily criticizing the United States’ policy on their continent. They view this policy as being merely an extension of the exploitation the continent has witnessed since the Northerner’s first set foot on the Southern Continent. On the other hand, critics of the proponents of American Imperialism are of a different opinion with some arguing that North America’s contribution to the Southern Hemisphere’s development agenda has always remained positive and non-exploitative. Critical Analysis In order to establish the truth on this subject matter, we need to sincerely and rationally conduct a scientific examination of the influence the North has dispensed on the Souther n Hemisphere. At the same time, we need to maintain an open mind that indeed the US might have made a positive contribution to the Latin America’s economic, social and political agendas. In order to do this, we will enumerate and take into account all the damage that the policies and actions of the United States of America have done to South America. Similarly, we will also weigh the positive contributions that the North has made to its struggling Southern neighbor.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Putting the two sides on the weighing scale, we will be able to come up with a clear answer to this probing issue (kay, 1989). To begin with, it is important to point out that the political and social systems of most of Latin America are model led around the North American system. Many Latin Americans have a great admiration for the North’s principles and ideals such as democracy (Oxaal et al, 2011). In fact, many strive to emulate these principles and ideals and try to customize them to their own situation. A good example is Argentina which has modeled its constitution close to that of the United States of America. The Argentinean Constitution has borrowed a lot from the North’s, a fact that highlights the South’s Admiration for North American principles and ideas. It is an undeniable fact that the US has played a very vital role in stimulating development and modernization in the South. In fact, the guardian role of the North has cushioned the South from falling prey to the European colonialists at the onset of the nineteenth century. It can still be argued that the presence of European colonialists before the First World War was in itself a barrier to the development of South America and therefore contributing greatly to the imperialistic problem in the South American Continent. However, this argument will not hold any water because the First World War ended nearly a century ago and since then, the South American countries have only been under British and French colonial influences. Therefore, if they had employed the right principles and remained focused, the South Americans would have achieved massive economic development. The looting of South America’s massive natural resources by the Western colonialists was minimal compared to the natural resources that remain unexploited to date (Ferraro, 1996).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the colonialists were also a blessing in disguise since they re-energized the quest for modern civilization in the South American Continent which was still lingering in a dark cloud of under-civilization long after the departure of their Spanish colonialists. The South failed to capitalize on the expertise that the European colonialists had brought to the continent and therefore, Latin America has continued to lag behind in development. It is also interesting to note that the economic growth rate of South America today is far much greater than that of the most advanced capitalist nations during the nineteenth century. Capitalist countries had an annual growth rate of approximately 2% while the Latin America’s was 4.2% in the period between 1935 and 1953. However, it rose to a promising 4.9% between 1945 to 1955. In addition, after the discovery of oil in Mexico, Ecuador and Venezuela, the economic growth rate of South America made another giant leap. However, the gains attributed to the growth were lost in an unbalanced distribution of wealth, mismanagement of resources and an outburst of population. The rapid population growth made the economic growth gains marginal and therefore suppressed the growth of the overall GNP (Rangel, 1987). This problem was not as a result of Western imperialism, but the failure of the South American countries to properly plan and utilize their resources and opportunities wisely and effectively. Case studies It is evident that individual countries in South America that have had close ties to the so called imperialist countries have been able to show greater developmental track records as opposed to the ones that have not. Countries like Uruguay, Argentina and Chile have maintained close ties with Europe since 1914 and are clearly some of the most advanced in the American Continent today. Mexico’s development record has also been impressive and this can be attributed to the fact that it is right next to t he US. Venezuela on the other hand has shown remarkable growth since the discovery and exploitation of oil by the West. Otherwise, some argue that the country would have remained at the level of countries like Honduras. However, Venezuela has experienced remarkable economic, social and political development. In addition, the country is working hard to ensure its neighbors receive better prices for raw materials on the global market (Rangel, 1987). Another typical example is Puerto Rico, which has no substantial natural resources like copper, bauxite, oil or tin. However, the country’s economy has received substantial support from the United States since 1898 and therefore, it has had a remarkable growth which is quite extraordinary for a country of its economic background. Its income per capita stands at 2000 dollars, twenty times that of Haiti and five times that of Honduras, Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Guatemala. However, it is interesting to note that even after ac hieving such economic gains; its citizens are the most vocal in criticizing the US as an imperialistic state. If the economic, social and political gains are the indicators with which to measure the progress of any country, then the criticism is unwarranted. In addition, proponents of the imperialism fail to connect or identify special hindrances or problems that have been fueled by the West’s imperialistic agenda (Horowitz, 2011). It would be insincere therefore, to argue that imperialism is the sole contributing factor to the underdevelopment of Latin America. However, we have to acknowledge two possible reasons for North America’s contribution to the growth and development of the Southern continent. First and foremost, the Northern neighbor‘s helping hand might have come as a result of creating a means in which it can establish a market for its products and services. If this argument is true, then the Northern neighbor though being dishonest in its approach, i t would still have contributed effectively to the economic growth in the South rather than becoming an obstacle. Furthermore, the US would have tried to expedite on serious reforms in the South in order to speed up economic, political and social development and therefore pave way for a greater market for its economic surplus. The second scenario is the argument that the US was generously and sincerely offering a helping hand to its Southern neighbors in order to develop and industrialize. Foreign aid from the North is therefore a gesture of goodwill and selflessness (Horowitz, 2011). This second view point still fails to link imperialism as the deterring factor to the economic, political and social development in Latin America. Either way, the economic aid from the West should have had a positive impact on the economy of the South irrespective of the fact that the giver might have had other ulterior motives. Recent research by Baker highlights that unlike popular belief, many Latin Americans appreciate the economic aid that the North has provided the South over the years. However, it is the North’s policies themselves that many Latin Americans find hard to appreciate. In one end, they admire and appreciate their overpowering Northern neighbors for their helping hand while on the other; they loathe them for their infamous policies on the South American Continent (Baker, 2012). Others take the US as an economic powerhouse worth being emulated. The Dependency Theory One theory that clearly demonstrates the state of underdevelopment in Latin America is the dependency theory. The theory was developed by Raul Prebisch, the Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America in the 1950s. Mr. Raul Prebisch first identifies the cause of underdevelopment and then continues further to give the antidote. He makes a strong argument that poor countries (in this case Latin America) sell off their raw materials to the developed countries like the US a nd the European Continent who in turn produce superior goods which are then sold back to the poor countries at higher prices( Faria,2011). As a result of this, the poor countries will never manage to have enough foreign exchange reserves which are sufficient to pay for these imports and therefore, the poor countries remain in a state of poverty. However, the solution to this problem was simple and straightforward in that poor countries need to start doing the value addition themselves and then export their products to the rich countries. That way, they will have broken the circle of dependence on the rich countries. However, the achievement of this noble goal will only be possible if the poor countries will marshal up economies of scale that will enable them to transform the raw materials to finished goods and services. Secondly, they will need to have the political will to undertake such a constructive venture (Ferraro, 1996). By carefully analyzing these facts, we are able to note that the two factors that hold the key to the success of the poor countries are not pegged at all to imperialism but rather are within the control of the poor countries. Although economies of scale are quite an uphill task to achieve, the political will falls directly in the hands of the ruling class in the poor countries. If the ruling class is in favor of economic development, then it will be willing to take the necessary steps towards this direction. This means that the ruling class should be willing to set up the appropriate policies which will ensure that the poor countries have developed the necessary economies of scale in order to spur growth and development and hence break the cycle of dependence on the rich nations. Success will come with a sacrifice and therefore the political establishment of Latin America needs to be willing to pay for the price (Baker, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion, it is worth noting that though Europe and North America have had their bad effects on Latin America’s growth and development, they are certainly not the reason for the underdevelopment in the continent. It has been noted that the continent has vast resources that still remain untapped. It is also important to propose that if the untapped resources are exploited and well utilized, the resources will stimulate an economic turnaround even for the most dormant economies (Wiarda, 1992). The South needs to rise to the occasion and work hard. Instead, the South American Continent needs to be inspired by the exploits that the developed countries have managed to achieve even with minimal natural resources. The problem of underdevelopment in the Southern Hemisphere can only be solved by the people of Latin America themselves and no solutions can be fabricated and imported to them. Therefore, the South needs to take stock of its current state and clean up the economic mess without blaming the Western economic powers for its woes. Bibliography Baker, Understanding Anti-A mericanism in Latin America: Economic Exchange, Foreign Policy Legacies, and Mass Attitudes toward the Colossus of the North. Lansdowne Press, Sydenham, 2012. Faria, C, The Origins of Economic Inequality between Nations: A Critique of Western theories on development and underdevelopment, Oxon Press, Oxford, 2011. Ferraro, V, Dependency Theory: An Introduction to imperialism, Louisiana University Press, Louisiana, 1996. Foroohar, M, The Catholic Church and Social Change in Nicaragua, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2001. Horowitz, I, The Long Night of Dark Intent: A Half Century of Cuban Communism, New Jersey Press, New Jersey, 2011. Kay, C, Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment, Routledge Press, London, 1989. Oxaal et al, Beyond the Sociology of Development: Economy and Society in Latin America, Oxon Press, Oxford, 2011. Rangel, C, The Latin Americans: Their Love-Hate Relationship With the United States, New Jersey Press, New Jersey, 1987. Wiarda, H , Democracy and Its Discontents: Development, Interdependence, and U.S. Policy in Latin America, Maryland Press, Maryland, 1992.

Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change Case Study

Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change - Case Study Example Organizational structure and the leadership style as they realized that to improve the quality  of work they needed to improve the quality of work life of the employees as well.  To achieve this they began using a five-phase diagnostic model with two aims in mind. The first aim was whether this model of strategic human resource development could still be in use in five years and the second aim was to see what the changes were to achieve this goal. The diagnostic model of assessment required to see the strengths and weaknesses of the organization in question as well as every aspect within the organization itself (including employment, finances and leadership style and atmosphere). The model of SHRD (Strategic Human Relations Development) since it was delegated into phases took several years to be implemented. One of the most important benefits gained for the Tetra Pak project1 was the implementation of better communication systems in every area (especially that of employer-employe e relationship) and as a result of these several employees who have never been able to communicate effectively began to see this as an opportunity to voice out their opinions. The betterment of communication within the organization is very important  because effective communication allows for a better work environment and dissipates any resistance or discontent among the workforce. Proper understanding leads to a better quality of work as the supervisors and management are able to convey what they want to the workforce and the workforce has the ability ask what is required and needed and whether they will be able to do the task at hand.  Dosi, G., Teece, D. J., & Chytry, J. (Eds.). (1998). Technology, Organization, and Competitiveness: Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved May 5, 2007,   L., Hailey, V. H., Stiles, P., & Truss, C. (1999). Strategic Human Resource Management Corporate Rhetoric and Human Reality. Oxford: Oxfor d University Press. Retrieved May 5, 2007 C., Cole, C., & Brunning, H. (1997). A Manual of Organizational Development: The Psychology of Change. London: Karnac Books. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qsta=o&d=55270794