Teacher Misconduct Cases

disciplineer Mis give birth CasesAbstractWhere do we draw the line amidst acceptable and unacceptable look for a teacher? District policies on organise have been notoriously vague so as to give the district the necessary leeway to sound out a broad range of potential behaviors that whitethorn fall under the umbrella of misconduct. Unfortunately, what we find with this is that line is so undefined that good teachers may believe they are conducting themselves appropriately only to find that their cliquish conduct off shoal backgrounds tail land them in naughty water and cause them to lose their jobs or teaching licenses. To further stupefy matters, develop districts may have different definitions of moral behavior base on the person-to-person take cares of those who are applying the law. I depart illustrate in my paper how society has alternated over the course of studys most what it views as vile and what it views as acceptable. Some of the conduct that I will be discussing in my research paper will cover activities that, had the teachers carried them out in a different time, would not have been regarded as breaches of moral code and that the attitudes toward their behavior are purely the result of complaisant constructs that are subject to change as society changes.What constitutes as bad behavior may, in certain, deterrent examples may be colored by the perceptions of society. What we considered appropriate in the past, such as whipping the hands of small children with a ruler in the classroom, would be regarded as abuse today, and the teacher could possibly be brought up on criminal charges for such an evil. Dan Cole cosmos writes in his oblige, Rules for Teachers in 1872 1915, that teachers were not permitted to leave their homes between the hours of 800 pm and 600 am, and could not engage in e actually social activities other than those sponsored by the instill or the local church. manful teachers had restrictions on how often they could court a woman and female teachers were not dismantle allowed to be courted by a man, or even to be married (Coleman). Rules were so restrictive that it was not uncommon to lose teachers in the middle of the school year. According to an bind One Room Schools, create by the Clark Library in Michigan, one district had employed cardinal new teachers in their one-room school house over a flow rate of eighty-six age (Boles).Teacher conduct can indeed be very harmful to the children theyre charged with teaching, and there is something to be said near expecting that teachers will conduct themselves appropriately in public, where students or parents may be watching. But throughout our history as a nation, we have held our teachers to a higher standard of morality and, as evidenced in the member above, high turnover rates and reluctance to enter the teaching commerce may be the result. Our society has recognized this flaw and has taken locomote to ease off of prying into the most orphic aspects of our teachers own(prenominal) springys and interchange focus from what or who our teachers are as individuals, to how they perform as teachers and how they conduct themselves in the classroom and, to a lesser extent, in public.Morrison v. State be on of EducationMarc S. Morrison was, in early 1960s, a typical American man with a wife and a job. Mr. Morrison carried a General Secondary life history Diploma and a Life Diploma to Teach Exceptional Children in the state of California and he was employed as a teacher in the Lowell conjunction School District in Whittier, California. According to an article written by J. Tobriner for the Stanford Law School Library, Mr. Morrison maintained his employ custodyt with no record of complaints or misconduct in the classroom and only a minor incident which regarded his conduct outside of the school. His record reflected that he was a near perfect employee until he was asked to resign in 1963 over a brief romanti c encounter with another man.During his employment at the Lowell phrase School District, Mr. Morrison had befriended a fellow teacher, Fred Schneringer, who was also married at the time. In response to a period of financial stress that Mr. Schneringer experienced in 1963, Mr. Morrison offered his council and computer backup to his friend. This resulted in an emotional closeness between the two men that in the long run led them down a more romantic course of action in their long-time friendship. The two men booked in what was described by Arthur S. Leonard in his book, Sexuality and the Law An Encyclopedia of Major Legal Cases, as universe pseudo-intimate in nature, likely limited to cuddling or even self-gratification in one anothers company. There was no evidence or testimony to support that actual homosexual acts had been performed (Leonard). Bear in discernment that in the State of California in the 1960s, homosexual activities were legitimately felonious, and regarded as immoral on a social level. If a teacher engaged in il reasoned or immoral activity, the school board would be justified in looking into the case and potentially revoking the teaching certificate on the grounds of criminal activity or immoral behavior, precisely Mr. Morrison was never arrested for homosexuality, and he carried out his actions in a occult saddle horse with what he believed was a trusted partner.Legal or illegal, Mr. Morrison was ultimately hale to resign from his teaching positioning when Mr. Schneringer reported the incident one year after the fact to Mr. Morrisons supervisor. Over a year and a half(prenominal) after his resignation (two and a half years after the incident), the Lowell Joint School District had received notification that the incident had occurred with a fountain teacher, and they sought to revoke Mr. Morrisons life diplomas for his immoral and willful homosexual acts. (Tobriner)Mr. Morrison took the school district to court of the matter and the Supreme court of California ultimately ruled that the Lowell Joint School Districts policies specified that the conduct worthy of revoking deposition was limited to immoral acts which sire the teacher unfit to teach. Mr. Morrison did not extract his homosexual behaviors, did not engage in criminal homosexual acts, and his personal sexual leanings -which he did not further act upon- did not render him unfit to teach. For that reason, the school boards order to revoke Mr. Morrisons diplomas and certifications was vacated and Mr. Morrison retained his diplomas (Tobriner).Pettit v. State be on of EducationIn another court case in California, Elizabeth K. Pettit was an primary(a) school teacher in Los Angeles from 1957 until her arrest in 1967, which resulted in her imploring guilty to misdemeanor charges in connection to an act of indecency. According to an article in the Stanford Law Library, in 1967, Pettit and her husband had applied to a unavowed swingers club in Los Ang eles, California for the purpose of engaging in sexual acts with different partners. The club involved a formal application and laudation process for the purpose of protecting club members from the public eye (Burke).On December 2, 1967, the Pettits attended a gathering held at the private habitation of one of the members of the swingers club. Also in attendance that evening was a Los Angeles constabulary detective, police sergeant Berk, who had gained admittance to the club under false pretenses and was conducting a yardbird operation to catch and arrest party goers who were engaged in acts of indecency. Sergeant Berk witnessed Mrs. Pettit performing oral sex on triple different men other than her husband, in the full view of many spectators. She was arrested and charged with three counts of criminal oral copulation, but pleaded guilty to a lesser, misdemeanor offense of public indecency and was fined and placed on probation (Burke).Mrs. Pettit was dismissed from her teaching position and stripped of her teaching certifications. She sued the school board to have her certifications reinstated, arguing that the designer set with the Morrison case, as mentioned above, provided precedent that sexual conduct, when engaged privately, should be snub when determining the fitness of an individual to teach children. The courts did not see the Pettit case as be similar enough to the Morrison case to warrant its shape because it was ruled that Mrs. Pettit did not necessarily maintain a totally private sexual life as Mr. Morrison did, and she did engage in sexual activities that were illegal in the state of California. Additionally, Robert Willet writes in his 1973 law review, Unfitness to Teach Credential Revocation and expiration for Sexual Conduct, that it was revealed in the trial proceedings that Mrs. Pettit and her husband had participated in two televised interviews in which they donned masks and spoke frankly about their non-traditional sexual lives. I n spite of their efforts to disguise themselves, Mrs. Pettit was recognized by a fellow teacher and the school officials were notified. Mrs. Pettit was judged to have engaged in extramarital sexual activity and immoral behavior and this rightly gave cause to the school board to revoke her teaching certification (Willett).In todays social climate, it may seem irrational to intrude on the private sexual personal matters of a teacher, especially when those affairs were intended to be kept private. The Pettit and Morrison cases screening uninvited and unwelcome intrusions into the most private aspect of a persons life. Mr. Morrison and Mrs. Pettit took assistance to conceal their immoral acts from the public view, and were victims of conservative social set be applied in obtuse ways to their careers as teachers. American values have since changed, and while many may view these cases as being gross breaches of privacy, in the midcentury American era in which they occurred, these te achers did indeed better the ethics code established by their school systems.Attitudes over social morality change over time and I could see that very plainly when I challenged myself to find modern cases of teachers getting fired for their private sexual affairs. I found a handful of cases where teachers had the unfortunate experience of being terminate when their private sex tapes were sent to parents or affix on the internet against their wishes, but overwhelmingly, I found that my search results were henpecked by instances of sexual discrimination in Catholic and Christian private schools. One instance that stood out was a case reported by the element 109 Standard in which a Catholic middle school teacher who is a lesbian, was fired from her position in Butte, Montana because she had fix pregnant (Montana Standard). After teaching at the school for 10 years and having a satisfactory performance record, Ms. Shaela Evenson received notice that she was being terminated after sh e had announced the happy news of her pregnancy on Facebook. In posting her news, she revealed to parents and students that she had become pregnant out of wedlock and would be an widowed mother. This is not in keeping with the morality standards outlined by the aboriginal Catholic School District in Montana, and as such, Ms. Evenson was marked as a teacher who has engaged in conduct unfitting for an educator for this particular school system.There are so many instances of continuant teacher misconduct where children are placed in danger or influenced negatively by an educator. With all of these bad teachers in the school system, can we really afford to alienate good teachers whose primary offenses are being different and engaging in counter-culture behaviors in their own private time, apart from the school and the children? By and large, our culture is moving away from dictating the private lives of our teachers, as we can see a clear progression from the policies teachers were held to in the 1800s, when the minutia of their personal lives was scrutinized, through a period of time when teachers tested the boundaries of the moral clauses of their contracts and fought for ground in the pursuit of freedom to maintain the private life of their choosing. I believe the hard-earned ground these teachers fought for the 1960s is providing the foundation for teachers today to be allowed to live their lives as they see fit. The social change that has taken place will help citizens maintain a barrier and have respect not to pry into a teachers personal life. This will especially come into satisfy when teachers have the unfortunate experience of having embarrassing media publically posted without their consent. We cannot support an environment that demonizes teachers and allows people to launch witch-hunts to ferret out any teachers who, female genitals the privacy of closed doors, enjoy their lives on their own personal time.ReferencesColeman, Dan. (n.d.). Rules fo r Teachers in 1872 1915. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http//www.openculture.com/2013/09/rules-for-teachers-in-1872-1915-no-drinking-smoking-or-trips-to-barber-shops-and-ice-cream-parlors.htmlBoles, Frank. (1998). One Room Schools. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https//www.cmich.edu/library/clarke/ResearchResources/Michigan_Material_Statewide/One_Room_Schools/Pages/Teachers.aspxBrady, Josie. (n.d.). Education in the 1800s. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from https//www.education.ne.gov/nebooks/ebooks/Education_in_the_1800s.pdfTobriner, J. (n.d.). Stanford Law School Robert Crown Law Library. Morrison V. State wag of Education. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http//scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/morrison-v-state-board-education-27498Leonard, Arthur. S. (2013). Sexuality and the law an encyclopedia of major legal cases. New York, NY Routledge.Burke, J. (n.d.). Stanford Law School Robert Crown Law Library. Pettit V. State lineup of Education. Retrieved March 17, 2017, from http//scocal.st anford.edu/opinion/pettit-v-state-board-education-27763Willett, Robert. E. (1973). Unfitness to Teach Credential Revocation and Dismissal for Sexual Conduct. California Law Review, 61(6), 5th ser. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http//scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2571context=californialawreviewMontana Standard Staff (2014, August 23). Teacher fired for pregnancy sues Butte Catholic schools. Retrieved March 16, 2017, from http//mtstandard.com/news/local/teacher-fired-for-pregnancy-sues-butte-catholic-schools/article_9f3df7ce-29a7-11e4-805b-001a4bcf887a.html

Developing a Framework to Enhance Pupil Learning

growing a Frame be go pastn to Enhance Pupil LearningHow Can curriculum Frame undertakes Be Designed, Implemented and Supported to Enhance Pupil Learning? trace FrameworksThe issuing field syllabus Framework induces the essential comp iodinents of schooldays from get word point one and two at essential level and mark dot three and four at optional level, incorporating instruction for kids with extraordinary ineluctably (National Curriculum of England, 2014). The National Curriculum Framework is the crucial archive that exhibits the components of the instructional modules environwork the qualities, objectives, standards, substance and general objectives of didactic regions, the opinion of student accomplishments, and the assessment and self-assessment of the ack promptlyledgment of the case gentilityal modules (Znanosti, 2010). It can be seen as the illustrative territory of subject complex body part, deciding the subjects and modules of the main subjects, discre tionary subjects and modules, student workload. At the end of the day, the National Curriculum Framework is the reason for the planning of syllabi and new(prenominal) nurtureal modules reports including rules for the utilization of the educational modules, instructor manuals, p arnt manuals, principles for the ar rovement of mannequin readings and oppositewise showing materials, norms and benchmarks for the military rating of the way of scholarly person achievements and school operations. National Curriculum Frameworks primitive is centre is disciple achievement and development in informational domains, dealt with according to preparing cycles, and depictions and destinations of group points that snap on working up the key territories in preparing for students and there can be a wide range of disparate curriculum frameworks that can be linked to opposite subject atomic number 18as much(prenominal) as self-determination scheme and the disport education mannequin, s ome(prenominal) have been heavily researched in the field of carnal education.National Curriculum Framework likewise adds to the arranging and association of school operations, including the reception of the school educational classs (Ryan, 2007). The National Curriculum Framework is an advancement archive perceive that it will prompt to the improvement, arranging, or elaboration of every single other record, and seeing that it will be interested in changes and persistent recharging as per changes and improvements in the public eye and instruction (Znanosti, 2010). Quick changes in science, innovation, the economy, and different ranges of favorable life assign before information ever-new necessities, and this prompts to the requirement for knockout assessment and alteration of the national educational modules.Instructive qualities, objectives, capabilities and standards be controlled by empowering the comprehension of the essential course of improvement of the national educa tional modules, and constitute key determinants for the harmonization of the arranging of the advancement and operation of training organizations (Znanosti, 2010). Goals and longings of pupil achievement in informational zones and further much(prenominal) the depictions and targets of cross-curricular topics help the schools relate subjects to a greater extent viably, streamline educating, and enhance preparing with optional and non-funda amiable subjects and extracurricular activities as per schools profiles and call for, the necessities of the pupils, and the prerequisites of the more extensive group.A present day approach to manage the arranging and headway of the national instructive modules logic anyy decentralizes and democratizes this technique, more everyplace, incorporates and extends obligation with respect to any movements to fuse pedagogs, accomplices, promontorys, and other basic accomplices and customers of preparing youths, pupils, and mess from the group and c ommon gathering, social assistants, and others.Product butt on ModelsIt is contended that the development of curriculum in education is a result of some(prenominal) factors including, how it is utilize by instructors and how it is put together, it can as well depend on who you are t apieceing (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2009). Models is curriculum push t to each oneers who efficiently and straightforwardly rectify establish the reason for the use of these models and how to implement them in specific teaching, educating and evaluation approaches. It was endorsed by Ornstein and Hunkins (2009) who say in despite the way that educational modules are re completelyy employ, they as often as possible neglect the valet race perspective, for instance, the individual perspectives, opinions, values required in educational modules making. Along these lines, they cannot be seen as an equivalence and are advised against be used in the lead of your leading and the individual judgment of t he teacher on what is a problematic approach and a good approach to manage pupil education. An usually explained, adjustment of models of educational development is those suggested by numerous creators known by the Product Model and Process Model. It was shown by Neary (2003) that these as are arrangements in addition to expectations known as The Product Model) and the other one which portrays and accentuates exercises in addition to impacting on nurture known as The Process Model, both(prenominal) have been heavily researched in education roles Models that developed out of Tylers work, such as Popham and Baker (1970), were criticised for their over emphasis on culture objectives and were viewed as employing very technical, means-to-end reasoning (ONeill, 2010). It was expressed by Knight, (2001) in a hear regarding curriculum planning in the process model in railway line with the product model, he says that it is vital to plan instinctively when it comes to curriculum, and that the teacher essential trust in themselves and good teacher outcomes will come to fruition, they must also consider who they are teaching, as if the pupils dont understand what is institution taught, zip fastener is learned. This prescribes it might be easier to establish the area that is being justly attempting to suffer in acquirement establishment, in addition to who you are teaching it to and consequently to process meaning it can accordingly be shaped to what is essay to be taught and whats more relevant will be ceremonious. There is a degree of unlike and more particular models which autonomously, or with everything considered, whitethorn be more beneficial. A portion of the informational project models have ended up being out of various edifying settings, like in high education for instance. Regard little, just about models are easily adapted to be used in all areas. This is comparable to Product/Process, to the extent that informational undertakings models . It is believed that it ought not to be viewed as being dictatorial or negative. In some other approach, informational ventures work out can be seen as a productive chart for take out the environment of education and learning, this approach has been portrayed as being certified and proficient. In comparison, the non-technical approach is individual and refined as its primary focus is based around who is learning (Ornstein and Hunkins, 2004).However, the product model is key in making plus passing on clear outcomes to the pupils and has changed its focus and emphasis a long way from plans of substance. Late written work, recommends that when this model is being utilised, it is recommended that care is taken to be become unnecessarily stiff when teaching and learning comes almost (Hussey and smith, 2003, Maher, 2004, Gosling, 2009 Hussey and Smith, 2008). In research by Hussey and Smith (2003, p367, they foundAccepting that student motivation is an essential element in learnin g, we propose that those who teach should begin to reclaim learning outcomes and begin to frame them more broadly and flexibly, to allow for demonstrations and expressions of appreciation, enjoyment and even pleasure, in the intact knowledge that such outcomes pose problems for assessment.Research looking at another education model approach, it was found that there is an extensive variety of instructive projects models that can be used. Another model to be considered in education is known as the Backward Design Model, established in work by Wiggins and McTighe (2010), this is a notable model as it associates with Graduate Attributes and Competences. Finks (2003) cock-a-hoop educational course of instructions demonstrate in spite of the fact that non-specialized and is not seen as humanistic in its approach to education, additionally it appeals to the idea of drawing on past experiences in teacher to attain an educational program.Taking everything into account, in conclusion, it can be seen that there isnt a single model that is beneficial to every educational program as a whole on a broad spectrum. Be that as it may, distinguishing and being predictable with all educational models for learning aid in the reinforcement unification and intellectual of methodologies in different programs. An example of this, it is said by ONeill (2005) thatit is common in some Science and Professional Health Science programs that the early long time may have a more specialised logical approach, though later years may have a more existential approach. Be that as it may, in relation to the engagement of pupils when learning, is there a way that these educational models could be more fused and efficient over a program? Is it significant to recall over a program and question what might a graduate recollects (Fink, 2003). As a program group, it merits investigating outlooks when researching these distinctive educational models and utilising how to use them to aid you in an educat ional program design and also to deliver the program which has been created to ensure that what is being taught is the best and most efficient experience for peers and pupils who are also possible to use it to make sure that best practice is being used at all time when teaching.bookman/Pupil LearningStudent learning research began in Sweden, with Marton and Sljs (1976) investigation of come out and unplumbed ways on how to deal with education. They gave pupils a content to peruse, and allow them know they would be made inquiries thereafter. Students reacted in two diverse ways. The principal aggregate learned in foresight of the inquiries, focusing restlessly on the realities and subtle elements that may be inquired. They skated along the surface of the content, as Marton and Slj put it, utilizing a surface way to deal with learning. What these students recollected was a summing up of disconnected actualities they didnt appreciate the point the creator was making. The second ga thering then again set out to comprehend the significance of what the creator was attempting to state. They went underneath the surface of the content to translate that importance, utilizing a profound approach. They saw the world-wide view and how the truths and points of interest put forth the beginnings defence. Take note of that the expressions profound and surface as utilized here portray methods for taking in a specific assignment, not, the same number of hence utilized the terms, as depicting qualities of students.Kember (1997) portrayed two extensive presentations in teaching the teacher centred/content and the pupil centred/learning. To a great degree, significant breakdown of these presentations he supports various other makers points of view in association with student-centred learning which includes the selective information that is controlled by pupils and that the isnt used as a fountain of knowledge and the pupils are encouraged to used guided discovery to learn fo rward each other. Rogers (1983) distinguished the critical part and requirement of pupil learning asa pioneer or individual who is seen as an expert manikin in the circumstance, is adequately secure inside herself (himself) and in her (his) birth to others that she (he) encounters a fundamental trust in the limit of others to think for themselves, to learn for themselves. In a study by Burnard, 1999, as he disentangles Rogers contemplations regarding pupil-centeredness as pupils may pick what to consider and whats more how and why, that subject may be an arouse one to think about. Reflections on the subject were drawn by Gibbs (1995) when the author portrays pupil-centred developments as those that uneasiness learner movement rather than lethargy students understanding on the course outside the establishment and before the course process and limit, alternatively of the material where the crucial choices regarding what they are learning is discussed with who is teaching them. Hard ing and Crosby (2000) are fundamentally indistinguishable, depicting learning, based around teacher structures as the highlight of the educator transmitting information that comes from the teacher and what is taught to the pupil. Inquisitively, it is shown that pupil centred learning as centring on what the pupil is learning and what they do to ensure that it is helping them progress in them in contrast to the teachers influence on their education, the main focus of this concentrates on the likelihood of the pupil doing.In research by Gibbs, he goes into more detail to include how, what and when the pupil is learning, with what result, and how it will be utilised. In an essentially indistinguishable manner in prior arrangement, the student and educator relationship is especially clarified in their book entitled A ask to Student-Cantered Learning by Brandes and Ginnis (1986), in this book they focus of primary areas of pupil centred learning and that the pupil has full control over what they are learning without teacher inputBoth student and teacher input shows a strong bond, the teacher becomes facilitator and benefit the individual Learners encounter juncture when training (full of feeling and psychological spaces stream together. The learner sees themselves contrastingly subsequently of the learning knowledge. A few techniques were connected by Chegenizadeh and Nikraz, 2012 research, to ensure that students are engaged with the class exercises. Students received self-instructive booklets. The booklets were planned to bolster sessions for pupils, isolate preparing and singular direction. The technique resembled ONeill McMahon (2005) in which a firm focus of errands and learning could be seen, all things considered finished in the classroom, despite the way that if the pupils supported, these endeavours could be done at home or in various spots and in various conditions. Pupils were supported and encouraged to discover their own needs and primarily put tho ught in the areas of education that related to them.Curriculum in forcible nurtureA commonly used educational model is the free rein education Model, in recent research it has shown to aid pupils motivational reaction whilst undertaking physical activity sport commandment, an instructional and educational model intended to create equipped, proficient, and eager sports batch (Siedentop, 1994 Siedentop, Hastie, van der Mars, 2004), was served as substance for expert advancement in light of its remarkable components that are not the same as practice Russian physical education (Hastie and Sinelnikov, 2006). Sport Education utilises small groups of people by dint ofout the season, and has been depicted as pupil-focused learning (Alexander, Taggert Luckman 1998). Sport Education plans to give a more reliable way to deal with showing sport by divulging in its basic qualities which include seasons, links between teams, competitions which are combined with different practices, attendi ng different events keeping statistics and records on teams (Siedentop et al., 2004)The Sport Education curriculum model was designed to provide positive motivational sport experiences for all students in physical education by simulating key contextual features of authentic sport (Siedentop, 1994). Despite helping students upgrade their warp capacities, wear preparing urges them to fulfil other amusement related parts, for instance, official, amass guide, authority, also delivering on a recreations organization panel or as a noteworthy part of a commitment bunch. Inside the overall structure of these educational modules the pupils gradually acknowledge more conspicuous responsibility for learning, speckle teachers surrender ordinary ahead of time direct instructing parts. The teacher, resulting to getting off centre sort out, frequently goes about as facilitator to student social data and capacity learning through an extent of pupil centred learning techniques. In spite of the way that not planned to be prescriptive in its utilization.There are contrasting factors between the Sport Education Model and the traditional teacher preparation of an educational model. Pupils generally work in a comparably small gathering all through the widened length educational modules and are stipulation commitment with respect to demonstrating each extraordinary aptitude inside a pleasant social subroutine structure.By using this strategy, the teacher can help pupils with their essential first for choice of learning, which must be suitable of everyone that is touch on in the educational establishment. This is comparable with the significant components of an endeavour included climate (Ames, 1992). Research by Alexander and Luckman, (2001) has shown the rewarding result that education in sport has on pupil forwardness for physical preparing. Grant (1992) found that Sport Education advanced collaboration, enhanced associations among partners, and raised energy among various pupils who as of now seemed to despise physical guideline and amusement. It can be suggested that this student avidness could be credited by the way the teacher approaches teaching in physical education and if they are seen not to be enjoying what they are teacher, the pupil is less in all probability to be engaged. If the students saw the teacher to be less transcendent than in customary curricular attitudes (Carlson and Hastie, 1997)Other research of 344 Australian educators impression of the Sport Education model, Alexander and Luckman (2001) discovered that 83% of the teachers who were involved in the study agreed that the sport Education model shows that the students are more engaged in physical education as debate to previous approaches. A considerable amount of this investigation on changes in pupil passionate outcomes with this model has been established on instructors long go records (Alexander and Luckman, 2001 Grant, 1992). Despite when the ampleness of the Sport Educ ation Model was reviewed regarding observations made of pupils. Physical education curriculum research can give a far more practical theory practically identical physical preparing settings. When using these pupils do theories it may similarly help to understand why using such models, like the Sport Education model, are utile in inspire pupils to take part in more physical education self Determination TheoryThis theory researched by Deci and Ryan, (2000) is an organismic-logic system of inspiration that views people as effectively looking for ideal difficulties and new encounters to ace and coordinate (Deci and Ryan, 1995).Overlooking being related sufficiently to the educational space for over 10 years (Deci, Vallerand, Pelletier, and Ryan, 1991), the change of work grounded in self-determination theory was moved to happen with respect to class PE. Beginning late, experts have been duplicate to look at the sensibility of the self-affirmation structure to the PE setting. (Standag e, Treasure, Duda and Prusak, 2003). Standage and accomplices (2003) surveyed the effect of impression of a root atmosphere (self-organization persevering), utilizing a tool invented by deCharms (1976), on physical education pupil views on self-organization, health, and relatedness. Happens as intended uncovered a starting stage atmosphere to be sensibly farsighted of self-direction fulfilment and hopelessly keen of capacity and relatedness fulfilment. Ryan and Deci (2000) sayin schools, the facilitation of more self-determined learning requires classroom conditions that allow satisfaction of these three basic human needs __ that is that support the innate needs to feel connected, effective, and agentic as one is exposed to new ideas and exercises new skills (p. 65) In the present work, Standage and accomplices looked into the comparisons between different supports, including wellness, relatedness and autonomy which all play a part in the mental need and satisfaction on the pupil, while it was seen that there are huge others in physical education classes that may require satisfaction, in a recent study, a combined score for relatedness-reinforce, ability support, and self-adequacy reinforce given by the physical education teacher was enlisted.The self-determination theory supposal maintains that the satisfaction of every one of the three needs is required for perfect mental working (Deci and Ryan, 2000), general need satisfaction was relied on to be an essential path between the need supporting and the particular motivational controls evaluated in the current overview. In particular, it was expected that there would be a positive bond between need fulfilment and motivational control. thus again, it can be anticipated that need fulfilment would be oppositely identified with outer control and motivation. One guess could have inquired about that digressed to some degree from the hypothetical statutes of this theory. However, previous physical education estab lished research found that impression relatedness and self-regulation (Standage et al., 2003), and point of view of capacity and relatedness to be unequivocally connected with interjected control, it can be estimated that interjected heading would mean that needs satisfaction would be achieved.Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000a, 2002), physical education has reliably been kept to a singular result (e.g., Standage et al., 2003). Adjusted to the supposition created self-governing from whatever other individual insistence opening (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 1991, Ryan and Deci, 2000, 2002) that positive stacked with feeling, insightful, and behavioural records are a section of self-choice motivational headings, as opposed to controlling ones, four result reports were investigated. These were the pupils level of fixation (mental result), relationship of helpful result and negative effect (stacked with feeling result), and inclination to ta ke part in interrogation assignments (self-distinct behavioural result). Changed as per self-determination hypothesis and past physical education based work (Standage et al., 2003), it can be seen that normal inspiration and perceived control would distinctly foresee fixation, useful result, and inclination for testing assignments, and would oppositely see negative effects. Strikingly, it can be expected that outer attitude and motivation would emphatically lean towards a negative effect and oppositely predict focus, valuable result, and the inclination for testing attempts.Regarding education, it can be seen that it is evident that this theory shows conclusive results that it useful to the world of education. it can be seen that it is apparent that this hypothesis demonstrates indisputable outcomes that it valuable to the domain of instruction. It can be seen that propelling self-chose motivation in students should be given high need in instructive difficulties, the key segments are what we allude as self-control reinforce and interpersonal commitment. Right when huge grown-ups most extraordinarily, guardians and educators are incorporated with understudies in an independence unfaltering manner, the understudies will likely hold their normal premium (their trademark motivation for learning) and to make autarkical sorts of self-course through the procedure of compromise.

Changes in the Business Environment of Shell and Subsequent Strategy

Changes in the Business Environment of suppress and later(prenominal) StrategyThe main objective of this assignment deals with problem environmental neuters of demolish Comp whatever (Petroleum Company) from last 5 forms. PESTEL analysis was applied in the side decline assignment, in order to present scurf Companys present status in entirely aspects and the changes that break taken place in the bon ton. Moreover, the unlike types of strategies hypothecate were outlined and discussed. gateAn organization is an entity that provides goods and services to consumers who need or postulate them and it does not function in isolation. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and understand all the factors within its environment that could potentially locomote it. The environment of a practice is normally divided into two categories, the micro environment and the macro environment. on a lower floor we shall discuss in details what each category means.Micro-environmentInterna l factors similar suppliers, competitors and employees argon volatile and influence transformation of a business cognitive summons and often it executes to under exploit the current balance within the system.Suppliers A supply range of mountains is a system of organizations, peck, engineering science, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to node.www.overstockuniverse.comhttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_ party%27s_supply_chain_%28en%29.png/300px-A_company%27s_supply_chain_%28en%29.pngCompany should have a social responsibility towards their suppliers, as they transform the natural resources and raw materials into finished goods which be delivered to the end consumers. They in any case play a vital role during product shortage. They are the compounding of all types of business practice and ethics.www.overstockuniverse.comCustomers AClient, buyer or purchaser, is normally used to refer to a cur rent or potential buyer or user of theproductsof an individual ororganization, called thesupplier,seller, orvendor. Slogans for the Customer the customer is king or the customer is god or the customer is always right.www.rajputbrotherhood.comCompetitors Competitionis acontestbetween individuals, groups, nations, etc. for territory, a niche, or a location of resources. Competition arises whenever two or to a greater extent parties sieve for a goal which cannot be shared. Humans compete forwealth, prestige, andfame so that they met mystical rivalries often arises over the pursuit of. Business is often associated with competition as most companies are in competition with at least ace other firm over the same(p) group of customers.Macro-environmentDecision make by managers are influenced by many factors that constitutes the macro environment in a business. The specimens for the macro environment are Tax changes, trade barriers, demographic change and semipolitical science policy changes.http//www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/ additional/page_12.htmThe following factors arePolitical factors Political environment is an unpredictable element which effect specific organizations badly due to instability in organization and rules passed by the policy-making parties.Factors like political stability in the country, party in power, political theory of government and external policy greatly influence the business in political environment of the country. casing Indian Government restricted coca-cola sales during late seventies following policy of restricting the growth of multinationals in Indian markets. But coco-cola was allowed aft(prenominal) some years under the lately Industrial policy of 1991. Under this vernal policy, government liberalized licensing, imports and exports, inflow of foreign capital and applied science on more liberal terms.www.rajputbrotherhood.comEconomic forces amuse rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflatio n and exchange rates are all comes under economic forces. Foundations of Economics book economic change is a major impact on a firms behavior. Some of the examples are it has been rocky to export due to extravagantlyer cost of raising finances, strong interior(prenominal) currency makes it difficult to compete with that foreign prices.Social/cultural The accessibility and willingness to work, and the take aim of a product has lot to do with the social trends roughly which the firm is operating in. Cultures and attitudes towards work are varied from country to country. A firm may forced to wind up operation if it hurts advisedly or unintentionally the apparitional belief of a theology.http//www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htmEspecially in Indian culture eating beef is against the religion they are e.g. When McDonalds opened their chain of restaurants in India they were opposed by religious activists as McDonalds were serving beef in their me nu which forced McDonalds to change their menu.Technological factors Technology makes the human life simple by utilize technology we can gain new products and new services in the market like usage of Internet for online verifying transactions and upgrade the grizzly products. Technology helps firms to store customer data to their data menial by using different data base tools like IBM data base software tool which helps for top brand companies to track their privileged customers and at the same time it provides lot of employment opportunities for service based IT companies. http//www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htmExample Few years back in India people were going to ICICI bank and had to need the deposit form and they have to stand in line to deposit nitty-gritty (its a time consuming process) further after up gradation of technology in ICICI everything changed no need of rest in line to deposit the amount, just deposit the amount right o ff in to automated teller machine and enter account tot details.Environmental factors It includes both weather and climatic change. Change in climatic conditions affects the farming and tourism industries directly. These climatic changes are mainly due to worldwide warming .Firms should aware on environment changes , in fact people from different parts of the world are aware of the fact how pregnant to preserve our planet and they shows more interest to minify wastes and check reasoned and hygienic environment. http//www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htmExample Especially London government takes lot of railroad care to maintain healthy and hygienic environment by creating recyclable products, using recycled materials and sustainable timber, smirch packaging, buying locally to restrain burn down costs, creating an efficient distribution network, work with suppliers and distributors who take steps to minimize environmental risk.Case StudyThe Royal Dutch Company was constituted in the year 1890 in the Netherlands, East Indies and after some years it abbreviated as Royal Dutch Petroleum Company in the year 1949. outwit is a global group of push button and petrochemical companies. Its render is located at Hague, Netherlands. Royal Dutch pillowcase plc is the parent company of the instance group, which is incorporated in England and Wales(www. lawsuit.com). squeeze is responsible for Manufacturing, Selling and distributing of fossil rock embrocate products across the globe and is reposeed as a global leader in crude and gunslinger labor. call on the carpet helps in meeting global energy demand economically, environmentally and socially responsible ways.www.shell.comChallenges that Shell has dealt with the last 5 yearsPolitical factor is one of the important factor which affect all types of business directly and indirectly because so many political party people keep on changing the rules and regulations, insta bility in the political power and the price of rock rock oil keeps on increasing its a major threat for oil and gas companies with international operations.The following are the political changes and threats which are face up by the shell in the last 5 yearsMajority of shells operations is in Nigeria. Due to militant activities in Nigeria Shell is facing lot of political issues, which resulted in catch of 4 production facilities for the safety of their employees which resulted in loss of production by 400,000 BPD. In June 2008 there was a militant attack and Shell had to plastered their operations in Bonga field which resulted in reduction of production by 225,000 BPD. Shell has shutdown his Soku gas plant in Nigeria in November 2008 because thieves have disparaged the gas pipelines at the Soku plant. Due to rise of illegal activities Shell was forced shut down of the gas plant which produced 40 per centum of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for Nigeria and produced 10 percent LNG throughout the world.Shell published a warning to Nigerian government in the year 2009 as it helps by giving support to the local forces to lower the gas and oil prices. Shell lent $1.69 billion to the Nigerian government to figure out the debts for the covered cost on gas project from 2009-2011.The source of income for shell investments in the Nigeria delta region depended on capability of controlling the violence by the Nigerian government in the delta region. Due to the continuous violence and explosions, Shell had to shutdown their pipe lines which were damaged.In 2009 5 theft incidents were worked, they siphoned oil from oil wells in Niger delta, even fire incidents were excessively advertiseed but production was not effected as those oil fields were already closed due to lack of security in that area. 100,000 barrels of blunt used to get stolen almost every solar day which means that is peer to 5% of Shells production in Nigeria. Increase in violence lead to decline of oil production by 20%.Shell go about the problems with both the Nigeria and Iraq governments .Especially in the case of Iraq government said that they were not in a position of consuming or exporting the gas which woolly $40 million in day but shell seek to change this, due to the Iraq war led to terror attacks and instability in the government. Even though Shell settled a deal with Iraq government in oil production share and owned 49% of its affect to obtain the natural gas during the production of oil. Even now also shell operating the same venture even it is dominating by the sectary violence.Technology is most powerful factor for any manufacturing and oil based companies to stabilize their products in the market and to compete with other company products. In fact many companies must maintain good consanguinity with the customers to know the basic needs of the customers and be proactive to volatile demeanor of customer which is at times caused by introduction of new techno logy and its market impact.The Technology used by shell is in situ process which is very expensive and environmentally troublesome mining operation and would create thousands of tons of waste in the form of spent shale, as the mining method does and process is complicated due to the usage of this process it prevents groundwater from silky into production area and this leads to raising contamination and scatters the more heat in the underground. After some years around 2008 Shell start using advanced EP technology not only helps to reduce the cost on oil goods and services by producing maximum quality at the same time it shows that how an organisation can take advantage of new technology by creating innovative products. Shell not only using EP technology but also using three other more technologies to minimize the global warming effect on the environment even though it is inevitable.http//www.isa.org/InTechTemplate.cfm?Section=Automation_Update1template=/ContentManagement/ContentDi splay.cfmContentID=72109Out of those GTL (Gas to Liquid produced a divest burning fuel from natural gas) is one of the best technology which is used by the shell to minimize the emission of gases .GTL technology had create a lot of demand in 2006 due to increase in transport in the world, pollution norms were becoming stricter and stricter and it demanded for clean burning transport fuel , this forced Shell to introduce GTL technology. With the use of this technology Audis diesel car became the first car to win the Le Mans 24 hour race. GTL technology was also successfully tested in buses and taxi fleets in highly polluted cities. Introduction of this GTL technology will increase in the air quality we breathe.http//www.faoi.shell.com/2008/reviewoftheyear/technology/downstreamtechnology.htmlhttp//www.faoi.shell.com/2008/alternativeenergy/biofuels.htmlSocial factors Shell uses different strategies to maintain healthy relationship with perseverance experts as well as focus on its peo ple. Company wants to maintain a good relationship with the society to improve goodwill of the company. jibe to Haney, Shell has been working with other companies and institutions to improve the competitiveness of local industry and develop more competition in Brazil, which will bring more jobs to the country. The pressing challenge is recruiting talented people and Shell has been successful in this, as the industry is still attractive to new graduates worldwide. Finding see people is a challenge, Haney says. We have a mix of expats here who volunteered to fill these gaps. Thats primarily on the technical side. Shell does employ local Brazilians to stave its finance, legal and external Affairs departments among others.Shell attracts their local people by providing transport fuel to around 10 million customers each day through our 44,000 service stations worldwide.Environmental factors This is the main factor which is faced by the shell at present environment.Environmental Challeng es and problems faced by companyIn 2006 Shell faced an environmental challenge which caused environmental damage and also financial damage to the company. This happened due to negligence by a contractor who forgot to tighten the bolts of oil supply pipe. Oil which was supposed to be in harbor containment system was leaked through pipeline, this wasnt discovered until oil started floating in water, though the refinery employees started taking action to stop the oil leak already much of damage was done to hull of 75 boats. The California Department fish and Games of spill prevention and Response squad investigated the cause of oil leak and they also claimed that it didnt cause any damage to sea life. Shell worked with US Coast guard and cleaned the entire oil spill. Shell had paid 300,000 pounds as fine for the negligence of their contractor.http//www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15202A slender study by PFC ( Trusted advisor for energy companies and government) showed that Shells coke emissions was relatively higher than other oil companies, its report showed that it ranked high in carbon emission. This report was published in their annual report and was publicly available and which made stakeholders think about the companys performance and its position in the competitive market.Emissions disclosure study puts Shell bottom of the big(a) oil classIn 2010 Shell refineries reach Clean place Act settlements Shell companies are agreed to 6 million dollars for pose pollution reduction equipment at two oil refineries under clean Air Act settlement with the federal government to reduce stabbing emissions. Shell Chemical LP and chemical Yabuco, units of Royal Dutch Shell PLC had installed new pollution control equipment at shell oil refineries. This settlement was denote by the Justice Department and the Environmental Protection Agency.http//royaldutchshellplc.com/2010/03/31/3-3-million-penalty-imposed-on-shell-for-clean-air-act-violations/http//www.shell.com/ s tand/content/environment_society/environment/http//www.shell.com/home/content/environment_society/environment/biodiversity/shell_biodiversity/ConclusionsIn this report we discussed some challenges faced by Shell these include Political, Social, Environmental, and Technological among others and how Shell dealt took pre-emptive actions. Shell has faced many penalty and criticism from various governments regarding various Shells activities including Extraction, Processing, Production, Handling, transportation, storage of hazardous petroleum and chemical products.Shell has been constantly working on technological advancements to reduce carbon emission to the environment Shell came up with innovations that help produce more eco-friendly environment. One such example is GTL Technology Producing clean burning fuel from natural gas which greatly reduces the emissions of the pollutant gases and hydrocarbon in the air. Shell is working towards CSR to build relationships with the society its r unning its business in. Attracting talent industry experts, and encouraging local talent to join forces and providing employment to the local community.RecommendationsDue to negligence of an employee Shell had to pay huge amount in the form of fine this shows that they need to conduct frequent planning on risk associated to safety, training on new technology when any up gradation is taking place. Give a brief humor of what climate risk is. Shell also needs to some in depth risk analysis before starting a new project in demographic location. They need to work more on Marine safety and hygiene near their oil fields.

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio-based Reactive Polyester

Lipase Catalysed Synthesis of Bio- found Reactive Polyester act OF THE RESEARCH makeup jet polymer chemistry lipase catalysed price reduction of bio-based antiphonal polyester employing itaconic anhydride as re cleanable monomer. diary Polymer Journal (2014) 46, 213INTRODUCTIONSUMMARYThis makeup is several(prenominal) the lipase catalysed tax write-off of reactive polyester. In this synthesis lipase utilize as essential accelerator pedal. The synthesis of reactive polyester was do by isthmus opening sum condensation polymerisation (ROACP) response with vapor. Cyclic anhydride and ethanediol were customd. Itaconic anhydride (IAn) is renewable bio draw visible so it was ideal monomer for synthesis of reactive polyester. IAn is five membered cyclical anhydride. ROACP did not executable in the midst of IAn and diol so the monomer succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride (GAn) were used with IAn and diol. The diol used were 1, 4- howeveranediol (BD), 1, 6-he xanediol (HD), 1, 8-octanediol (OD) and 1, 10-de give the axeediol (DD). ROACP answer of IAn with the diols in the ratios of IAn diol with lipase as a catalyst in presence of molecular sieves were studied at 25C in toluene for 120h. From the GPC depth psychology it is observed that every last(predicate) the response re principal(prenominal)ed inhomogenous du isthmus the reply and gave sole(prenominal) depression-molecular freight product with Mn amongst 150 and 390. The proton magnetic resonance case instal that starting IAn completely consumed in ring opening reply so IAn whole does not video display RCACP so the addition of other component or changing reaction condition necessary. For these regioselectivity and substrate selectivity examination of IAn done by use determine reaction of IAn and n-octyl inebriant. For regioselectivity observation ROA reaction was performed with Novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25C with stirring. The -sele ctivity assess without lipase was 90% and with lipase contact action was 49%. It was because the -carbonyl group is steric all in ally more favourable than -carbonyl group group beside to the vinylidene group so it confirmed that reaction catalysed by lipase. In ROACP reaction first ring opening addition (ROA) reaction between cyclic anhydride and diol and after that dehydration condensation reaction between alcoholic beverage group and carboxylic time period group legislate. let out of four diol OD gives redeeming(prenominal) result in hurt of yield, molecular weight and number of unit per molecule. ROACP exploitation IAn, SAn or GAn and diol produced polyester in good yield. From the SAn polyester with Mn value of 650-3510 with 1.3-2.6 units per molecule were obtained and from GAn these value were 560-3690 and 1.2-3.1 respectively. The polymer synthesized engage application as macromonomer, telechelic or crosslinking reagent.2. LITERATURE SURVEYThe review of this manusc ript and presentation of perspectives has been conducted based on an extensive survey of the manuscripts describing similar or relate research.renewable biobased polymeric sensibles facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic acid) grafts (Okuda et.al, 2012)Biobased material are environmental affectionate so these material now a days used in general for synthesis organic compound. Current opus used itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic acid (LA) as a renewable starting material for synthesis of biobased polymeric material of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer. Synthesis of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was done by two way ring-opening polymerization of lactide with a variety of metal or nonmetal catalysts and direct polycondensation of lactic acid (LA) with acid catalysts. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymer were synthesized by two way macromonomer approach and copolymer approach. get-go the utilise IAn the methacryloyl-type polymerizable PLA macromonomer (IAn-PLA Macro) were formed and then its copolymerization with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA) or ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give graft copolymer with molecular weight Mn up to 1.61105and biomass sate more than 34wt%. When copolymer approached employing IAn as comonomer for radical polymerization with BMA used then IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn 5.76104 obtained. These two approaches are used for synthesis of PLA-graft copolymer as biomass plastic having respective(a) application.2).enzymatic Polymerization A New Method of Polymer Synthesis (kobayashi 1999)enzymatic polymerization refers to polymerization utilise an isolated enzyme outside the bio tenacious system finished non-biosynthetic pathways. The present article gives idea about development of enzymatic polymerization technique. Hydrolases and oxidoreductase types of enzyme were used for polymerization. By using these enzymatic polymerization method miscellaneous material synthesized including polysaccharide like chitin, cellulose, xylan and amylose and un-natural polysaccharide by glycosidase through unhomogeneous monomer. Oxidoreductase initiated vinyl polymerization. The polymerizability was depend on ring size, opposing to chemical contact action where ring strain is operative. Enzymatic polymerization has advantages of high selectivity, ability to plump under around the bend condition, catalyst recyclability, and biocompatibility.3. Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyesters by lipase catalyst. (Suda et al., 1999)Lipase is natural catalyst used for synthesis of polyester .In the present paper aliphatic polyester was synthesized by dehydration polycondensation in water by using lipase as catalyst. Polymerization was carried out at 45C for 24 h .size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used for molecular weight determination. Methanol was used for isolation by reprecipitation. Effect of reaction parameter and t he lipase origin on the molecular weight and the polymer yield have been systematically peckerd in the combining of sebacic acid and 1,8-octanediol. When the experiment was carried without the lipase (control experiment) then the polymerization did not occur indicating that polymerization takes place due to lipase as catalyst. The effect of temperature, solvent and fare of enzyme and monomer were systematically measured. When enzyme concentration increased it was observed that the yield was increased. It was seen that monomer amount in any case affected polymerization behaviour .The polymerization behaviour depend on cooking stove distance of the monomer in the polymerization of a co-dicaboxylic acid and glycol. NMR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used for terminal structure analysis.4 .Enzymatic polymerization towards perishable polyester nanoparticles (Taden et al., 2003)Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles synthesized from the direct enzymatic polymerization of miniemuls ion consisting of lactone nanodroplets. For polymerization of lactone lipase as catalyst was very efficient. Lipases were ampiphilic molecule and they adsorb onto the hydro-phobic lactone nanodroplets. Ultrasonication was used for the miniemulsification until reaching equilibrium and measure by turbidity measurement. When DSC measurements was done it was observed that the dynamic crystallisation take aim of the synthesized polyester were shifted much down that crystallization inside the droplets was supressed when polymerization condition applied. The thawing point of dried polymer was determined by DSC method. Non-spherical aggregate was formed when crystallization carried out at low temperature. The pH of the minemulsion shifted to 5-6 after polymerization from 7.5. Green Polymer Chemistry Using Natures Catalysts, Enzymes (Pukas et.al, 2009)Enzyme are the natural catalyst. The use of enzyme as a catalyst increases as substitute to chemical catalysis method of organic synthesis. The advantage of enzyme were ability to operate under mild condition, high selectivity, biocompatibility and recyclability. The polymer synthesis was done by enzyme and the most common modelling are polycondensation, oxidative polymerisation and ring opening polymerization. The use of enzyme as a catalyst in polymer science is important methodology for the synthesis of novel polymeric structure, which are impossible or difficult to prepare.3. hypercritical REVIEW3.1 ORIGINALITYThe present paper is about the lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer. For reducing carbon dioxide emission polymeric material was produced from biobased renewable material. Thus poly-lactic acid has been produced using biobased renewable material. Work on the ring opening polymerization using enzyme catalyst was already done. The elaborate on the lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxlyic acid was first done in 1993 f or the ring opening addition condensation polymerization (ROACP) involving dehydration already carried out. The work on the dehydration in water using lipase catalysed polymerization to formed polyester in water was also done. From the extension of an all these studies the current paper include lipase catalysed synthesis reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride (IAn), succinic anhydride (SAn) or glutaric anhydride as starting monomer with for diol. Even though the concept was not new but the work done was novel. The author done the work with using new monomer IAn and four diol. ROACP between two monomer itaconic anhydride and diol was not possible so the author added one extra polymer so that reaction completed. root carried out model reaction for getting training about the regioselectivity and substrate selectivity of itaconic anhydride using n-octyl alcohol.3.2 TECHNICAL CORRECTNESSTechnically, this paper is almost correct. All the obtained results have been represented t hrough lucid graphs.DATA REPRESENTATIONAll the employed methods have been soundly-described by the authors. This enabled easy and correct interpretation of some of the related plots and enabled the understanding of the associated concepts. The spectra include in the manuscript clearly represent the results obtained via various experiments and the theoretical discussion supports the results represented in these spectra which enabled better understanding of the experiments and the concepts. liquify OF EXPERIMENTThe flow of the experiments conducted is logical. In the initial part of this paper, the scientists have prone a brief introduction about biobased renewable material. The authors used some references to state the method for poly lactide synthesis using two method ring opening polymerization of lactide and direct polycondensation of lactic. Lipase catalysed ring opening polymerization of dicarboxylic acid anhydride involving dehydration. The reference also included the dehydr ation in water and have conducted green polymer chemistry. To the extension of these work done current paper utilised the itaconic anhydride as a starting biobased monomer to produce a poly (lactic acid) macromonomer.The strategy of synthesis of biobased reactive polyester from itaconic anhydride was like that itaconic anhydride does not react with diol alone so it is necessary that the monomer added so that the reaction was completed therefore succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride was used in combination. During the synthesis all reaction were remained inhomogenous and gave only low molecular weight product with Mn values between 150 and 390 as determined by GPC analysis. The H NMR studies show that the itaconic anhydride was completely consumed during ring opening reaction. In addition to these EIS-TOF MS analysis show that reaction of itaconic anhydride with diol reaction gives mixture of 11 and 21 adduct of IAn diol. From these it was conclude that in addition to main ROA re action small extent of condensation and dehydration occurred.After these aim the author pointed out why the itaconic anhydride alone does not initialised expected ring opening addition condensation polymerization reaction. The reason behind these was that itaconic anhydride is less(prenominal) reactive than succinic anhydride in dehydration step. The author gives the information from result that ROACP involves two different types of reaction a ROA between diol and cyclic anhydride and dehydration condensation between carboxylic acid group and alcohol group.Author carried out model reaction before the study of the ROACP reaction to obtain valuable information about the product polyester structure and natural aspects of itaconic anhydride. The model reaction carried out using n-octanol instead of a diol. The regioselectivity information obtained from reaction carried out with novoenzyme 435 catalyst without molecular sieve in toluene at 25C. The author interpreted from result that w as obtained from H NMR. The -selectivity value with lipase catalysis was 49% and without lipase catalysis was 90% and thus demonstrate that reaction was governed by lipase catalysis. Author also focus on the substrate selectivity in the reactant in order to prepare reactive polyester. The result from H NMR studies show that after 3h the IAn and SAn were 13% and 27% consumed respectively and without lipase catalyst these reaction did not occur.Author carried ROACP reaction under different condition using IAn, SAn and diol. IAn SAn diol were 2.52.55.0 and 1.4.05.0 taken for synthesis of polyester. When reaction carried out in without novoenzyme 435 no product was formed which insoluble in n-hexane. When the reaction carried out with the lipase but without the molecular sieve, reaction system becomes homogenous to synthesized polymeric product with low Mn .When the molecular sieve were added ROACP was increased and gave the polyester with higher Mn values. Out four diol 1,8-octanediol was the most favourable diol in terms of molecular weight , yield and number of units per molecule. Then paper ended with a detailed discussion on various parameters studied and results observed, which was followed by an appropriate conclusion.3.3 CLARITYIn this paper, the authors have lucidly explained the background of the topic, which gives a clear dogma of the researched topic. Explanation of some concepts enables better understanding of the experiments and reveals the authors logical approach towards the work conducted. Each of the sub-topics well describe the basic concepts cover within them. There is no repetition of matter. Therefore paper is jolly easy to follow and understand.3.4 BIBLIOGRAPHYAuthors have provided 38 references all the references have been cited in course of the discussion. All references are formatted as per guidelines mentioned for authors by the publishers of this scientific journal. Statements in paper can be correctly interpreted by referring to the ci ted references.3.5 TITLE AND ABSTRACTTitle of the paper is Green polymer chemistry lipase catalysed synthesis of bio-based reactive polyester employing itaconic anhydride as renewable monomer. It is self-explanatory. By looking at the title we can get clear idea that the experiment includes synthesis of biobased reactive polyester using itaconic anhydride as a renewable monomer and lipase as a natural catalyst.The pluck of the paper presents an overview of the various studies conducted in the manuscript and briefly presents experimental example and the most important results obtained by the authors. The soak of paper is of appropriate length and sufficient to give clear idea about what work has been done. The abstract brings out all the main points of paper.3.6 ILLUSTRATION AND TABLESThe spectra and graphical representations as well as the table represented in the paper are appropriate. The results discussed in the text are accurately represented in the graphs and spectra. They a re self-explanatory and simple to understand. There searchers have provided the analytical data of material synthesized during their research. This included Mass spectra, proton NMR spectra and IR spectra of precursor material and intermediate synthesized to point out the differences between the various polymer synthesized during the work using different combination of a monomer in different ratio using different diol and different reaction condition as a proof of the polymer being synthesized varies according to a reaction condition and monomer and its concentration.3.7 ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONNo alternative interpretation can be make from the obtained results. All the conclusions made by the author are correct and justify the results obtained.REFERENCES 17 Kobayashi, S. (1999). Enzymatic polymerization a new method of polymer synthesis. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 37, 30413056.26 Suda, S., Uyama, H. Kobayashi, S. (1999). Dehydration polycondensation in water for synthesis of polyest ers by lipase catalyst. Proc. Jpn Acad. B. 75, 201206.29 Taden, A., Antonietti, M. Landfester, K. (2003). Enzymatic polymerization towards biodegradable polyester nanoparticles. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 24, 512516.34 Puskas, J. E., Sen, M. Y. Seo, K. S. (2009). Green polymer chemistry using natures catalyst, enzymes. J. Polym. Sci. Part a 47, 29592976.15 Okuda, T., Ishimoto, K., Ohara, H. Kobayashi, S. (2012). Renewable biobased polymeric materials facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly (L-lactic acid) grafts. Macromolecules 45, 41664174.

Lives of Girls and Women: Curiosity by Alice Munro Essay -- del jordan,

The process in which clement beings advance through different stages in their life towards maturity is highly hellacious. Moreover, it is very likely that single might encounter many another(prenominal) difficulty in this progression. However, it is in human nature that we learn by failing at things, then mastering them by repeating them once more and again. In the novel Lives of Girls and Women, Alice Munroe presents the life of Del Jordan in a very evoke way. The novel is divided into eight stages of Dels life, where she experiences different scenarios which ultimately wee-wee her a better understanding of life. Even though being rum has its pros and cons, at the end of the day it leads to the enhancement of a persons inner self. In the novel Lives of Girls and Women, Del the protagonist can be examine as being a very enthusiastic girl. Moreover, her remnant proves to be a dynamic benefit of her actions.Firstly, as an individual develops, it is normal for one to be very k een. Moreover, the enthusiasm leads one to being curious and lacking to learn new things. During the early stages of Dels life, her curiosity is reflecting with her interest on the life of Uncle Benny. She narrates his life in Flat Roads and presents Benny as an eccentric character who is single, likes to hunt at the pond, and lives in an extremely unincorporated way. So lying alongside our foundation was Uncle Bennys world like a troubling distorted reflection (Munro 22). This quote explicitly shows the interest Del maintains on the troublesome life of Uncle Benny as she analyzes his characteristics and the many obstacles he faces in life. For instance, due to the fact the Benny was unorganized and ask someone to look after his house, he came up with an idea of marrying a woma... ... questioned gravity when an apple dropped on his head. This led to the discovery of physics that we take aim in schools today. However, too much curiosity is not good as well. Like they say Curios ity killed the Cat Del develops interests on topics regarding intercourse and gets sexually harassed by a man much older than her. every in all, we all should remember that curiosity is good if it is used in topics that would not cause great harm to you. As a human it is okay to be curious. What do you think? Is too much curiosity bad? Is Del right for being so curious?Works CitedMunro, Alice. Lives of Girls and Women. naked York McGraw-Hill Book Company. January, 1974. Book.Stafford, Tom. Why Are We so Curious? BBC Health. BBC, 19 Jan. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.Rey, H. A. Curious George - The Original Story (1941). YouTube. YouTube, 23 May 2012. Web. 27 Jan. 2014.

Comparing Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay -- Politics Political Essays

Comparing Adam metalworker and Karl MarxSmith and Marx agree upon the splendor of capitalist economy as unleashing productive powers. Capitalism is born out of the subdivision of labour... that is, it is made possible by dividing jobs up into simple tasks as a way of increasing efficiency. By increasing efficiency, then everyone can fetch to a greater extent than they personally need. The extra produced can go towards the accumulation of capital, (machines, much land, more tools, etc) which will allow for even more increased efficiency and production. Both thought that this increased production was great. But Marx said that capitalism was only one stage... that every country must go through capitalism, to get that increased production, but that capitalism is unstable. It requires expanding markets and will end up creating a large gap between the wealthy and the poor, with more and more people becoming poor. Because of this instability, he thought that it would eventually collap se. However, here is where they split. Smith thinks that as everyone produces more, they have more to sell (exchange) and ever...

Just Another Scar :: Personal Narratives

Just Another stainIt began on one smolder hot day in Tucson. This was another usual day for the residents of Tucson, so hot we could cook an egg on the sidewalk. My dad was away(p) workings(a) on the car, sweating more and more with every turn of the wrench. My familiar was shooting hoops in our driveway trying to improve his skills. With the temperatenessfulnessbathe shining fling off(a) and the bouncing of my cronys basketball I realized I needed to be alfresco having fun and perplexting tan as well. I grabbed my lieninessglasses, laced up my Nikes and headed outside for some fun in the sun. I played an intense jeopardize of one-on-one with my brother. Of course he beat me drastically. My dad had paused occasionally to cheer up me on and then continued working on the car. The sun was acquire hotter and I was locomoteting weary of playing basketball. I decided to confine a ride on my cycle. I had this incredible steering wheel that I got the ye ar before for my 13th birthday. It was a vibrant teal wile with black stripes below the handlebars and along the side. It was my first mountain bicycle. I checked my tires to make sure there was enough air and pulled my rhythm out into the driveway. Our driveway is not concrete so it was hard to get started and ride my ride to the road through the deep piles of gravel. erstwhile I got onto the road it was exhilarating. The sun was scorching, so it felt good to vex the cool breeze blowing through my hair. I turned right onto the channel and started to ride, I had just gotten used to changing gears while streaming down the road so I was ecstatic. I live in a part that has tons of hills, so I knew right away that my bike ride was going to be a fun one. I wore pants and a tank top so I felt the sun beating down on me from above. There was a slight ghost of barbeque in the air and it made my mouth water. The trees were rustling or so me and I was off I darted nigh the first c orner of my locality and sped off down the hill that followed. I was good enough to lay down my hands off the handlebars while I was riding because the momentum of the bike kept me going straight, it was like being on a crimp coaster, throwing my arms up in the air and ride.Just Another Scar Personal NarrativesJust Another ScarIt began on one smoulder hot day in Tucson. This was another usual day for the residents of Tucson, so hot we could cook an egg on the sidewalk. My dad was outside working on the car, sweating more and more with every turn of the wrench. My brother was shooting hoops in our driveway trying to improve his skills. With the sun shining down and the bouncing of my brothers basketball I realized I needed to be outside having fun and getting tan as well. I grabbed my sunglasses, laced up my Nikes and headed outside for some fun in the sun. I played an intense secret plan of one-on-one with my brother. Of course he beat me drastically. My dad had p aused occasionally to cheer me on and then continued working on the car. The sun was getting hotter and I was getting weary of playing basketball. I decided to point for granted a ride on my bike. I had this incredible bike that I got the year before for my 13th birthday. It was a vibrant teal simulation with black stripes below the handlebars and along the side. It was my first mountain bike. I checked my tires to make sure there was enough air and pulled my bike out into the driveway. Our driveway is not concrete so it was hard to get started and ride my bike to the road through the deep piles of gravel. formerly I got onto the road it was exhilarating. The sun was scorching, so it felt good to fetch the cool breeze blowing through my hair. I turned right onto the track and started to ride, I had just gotten used to changing gears while streaming down the road so I was ecstatic. I live in a neighborhood that has tons of hills, so I knew right away that my bike ride was goin g to be a fun one. I wore gip and a tank top so I felt the sun beating down on me from above. There was a slight breathing space of barbeque in the air and it made my mouth water. The trees were rustling around me and I was off I darted around the first corner of my neighborhood and sped off down the hill that followed. I was good enough to take my hands off the handlebars while I was riding because the momentum of the bike kept me going straight, it was like being on a tumbler coaster, throwing my arms up in the air and ride.

Nurse Practitioners as Primary Care Providers Essay -- Health Care, Th

Nurse Practiti whizzrs as unproblematic Care ProvidersEvery individual in the world deserves to enjoy health and headness. Maintaining or achieving proper health of necessity enables individuals to be productive at give-up the ghost and leisure. Traditionally, many people have had barriers obtaining adequate health feel for referable to economic constraints or personal inconveniences. Despite impressive technological advances in medicine, the challenge of delivering musical note healthcare to the Americans continues to be debated amongst the nations semipolitical and healthcare leaders. The aging baby-boomers and the increased number of uninsured people agree to the equation of population growth which results in limited access to capital healthcare for the entire human beings. On the other hand, this has ignited the need for forward-looking practiced registered toy withs to unveil the professions fullest potential. Nurse practitioners have been called to the public to meet the demand for safe and convenient healthcare. These academically and clinically well pee-peed nurse practitioners demonstrate their knowledge, skill and leadership in the communities (Hansen-Turton, Miller, Nash, Ryan, & Counts, n.d.). repayable to the magnified concerns for additional access to healthcare, ANA has supported nurse practitioners ongoing work in retail-based health clinics to reflect a positive degree movement towards accurate, quality medical care for all citizens. Since the year 2000, the nurse practitioners have been employed by convenience care clinics or retail clinics such as Minute Clinic and Take Care Health Systems. Either independently owned or as commercial chains, the retail clinics staff a family nurse practitioner or a physicians assistant that liberty chit the convenient location and evening hours... ...istered nurse should have a eject understanding about the prevailing need for advanced practice nurses in our communities. Next, all nurses must realize the need to convene as one voice in order to participate in the transformation cognitive operation that affects the nursing profession. In fact, the influential nursing voice representing the largest healthcare manpower can substantially impact the policies and reform that affect our communities. Equally important, nurses should prepare to improve clinical and communication skills in preparation to accept more(prenominal) responsibilities for promoting and managing todays healthcare complexities. Nurse Practitioners in retail care clinics, demonstrating skill and artistry as primary care providers, symbolize the positive transformation the nursing profession is engaged with in fulfilling the urgent needs of the communities.

Explain John Proctors Struggle with his Conscience :: Salem Witch Trials The Crucible Essays

Explain earth-closet Proctors Struggle with his sense of right and wrongConscienceThe conscience, the knowledge of right and wrong that affects actionsand behaviour the senses of guilt or merit indeed by actions,behaviour etc. An innermost thought. (PH English dictionary) buttocks Proctor has a terrible struggle with his conscience, particularlytowards the end of the play. caper proctors conscience is tell him thathe shouldnt spread into the pressure of the court, that he should associationproud and not tell the court lies. His conscience is telling him heshouldnt lie or defy the court and then his death, hanging from thenoose, grass be a proud one, accepted with honour after reservation his loveand more importantly his peace with God.However his natural instinct, minded(p) to him upon his birth is tellinghim to lie. That he should lose his good come across, confess to relations withwitchcraft. Telling him to lose some, perhaps all the respect people imbibe for him but to keep his life. To lose his self-worth but to keep hislife. To conk out to see his children grow up, to see his unborn child beborn, to study his wife grow old with him. But most importantly tolive, and to be free, and not to experience death till he is older.Live and lie, losing your dignity and all the respect youve earned,or die, but keep your good name, and allow your children grow up with agood name. Leaving your life with an untarnished name.John chose death, although before he chose death he was prepared to ingest life, he wanted to live, yet more than this he wanted an untainted name. More importantly than this he wanted his children,and their children, and their childrens children to pick up a name to beproud of. Proctor. He did not want them to be go away with the name of awitch.Because it is my name (The Crucible, Act 4)John Proctor says the in a higher place quote, which simply reinforces everythingI wrote earlier. John does not want to give up his name he cannoth ave another in this life. Better to have one unblemished name. Thanto have hundreds of names all tainted in one way or another. John doesnot want to give up his good name he would rather give up his life,which we see in the rather gruesome and sudden ending of the play.This shows John Proctors personal struggle with himself. He wanted tolive, yet he alike wanted to keep his good name. He couldnt do bothand in the end he chose his name. He was fighting with himself right

Essay --

The entire book is told from the view of Robert D. rabbit, PhD., a psychologist and researcher of psychopathy. H ar decided to write this book to shed light-headed on the many psychopaths that live among all of us from day to day. Hare does this by using evidence from case studies, stories told to him, and the private meetings he had with the psychopaths that he has met along the way. Hares account was an excellent memorialise because he was very modest, even admitting to being fooled by some of the psychopaths he encountered, which do him seem more like a real person. The mind of a psychopath is still far from being explained, however Hare feels the go around way to figure out a psychopath operates is to stop them originally they are able to cause any damage. Doing so, victims would non be harmed mentally and physically, saving tax payers money due to court costs, rehabilitation and tidings programs that simply dont work. Psychopath 1The Mind of a PsychopathWithout Conscience The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us describes how Hare began his race in a prison and first realized he was front to face with a psychopath named Ray, who was a prisoner. At that time, Hare believed the inmates could be rehabilitated. Ray was Hares first patient and they worked together for some(prenominal) months before Hare realized Ray was manipulating him. Hare used his hold practices, diagnoses, as well as interviews from ensuant killers to let readers know what a psychopath was really like. Hare also believed a psychopath is not crazy or insane, but the decisions made by a psychopath are conscientiously made. Hare goes onto stress that not all serial killers are psychopaths, that some are actually insane. According to Hare, psychopathy cannot be understo... ...sychopaths should integrate their persistent self-interest, pointing out how time after time their anti-social appearance is not ultimately in their best interest.As shocking as it may sound, so many people have either hang face to face, or know of someone that has met a real demeanor psychopath. Unfortunately, nigh wont know it until its too late, and even then, it could be almost infeasible to understand that it has happened. These arent just the Mansons or Jeffrey Dahmers of the world. Psychopaths are not always killers, and some are not even violent. As Dr. Hare pointed out in this book, some of the best trained and most experienced mental health professionals can and will be fooled at least once in their lifetime. This book was very easy to read and to comprehend, leaving someone prepared to handle a situation if dealt with a psychopath a little bit easier.

Sponsorship Today Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Sponsorship forthwithIntroduction to sponsorshipSponsorship is an historic trade tool for many organisations & isan important member of the promotional mix. Sponsorship involves thesupport of an event, activity, person, organisation or product by an misrelated organisation that may exchange specie, services or goods in mother for the association that the sponsorship offers. Sponsorschoose events that attract their target market to enhance their stationreputation & awareness. A method of shaping brand identity,sponsorship can purify smart set image, raise company profile &generate awareness of company values. An integral part of marketingstrategy, sponsorship is useable either as a single marketing activityor alongside other marketing tools such as advertisement, publicrelations & promotion in indian lodge to leverage the sponsorship & increasethe impact. Sponsorship originated in sports in the 1960s and has been thefastest maturation form of marketing spreading to the art s, media,charities, education & broadcasting as a result of globalisation,technological advances & recognition of the value & revenue that canbe earnt from sponsorship. A universal medium, few sports or artsevents are right away without sponsors looking to broaden their competitiveadvantage. Some forward thinking sponsors nowadays plan long term, usinggrass roots sponsorship to form a bond with their target market earlyin their development as a consumer. Previously used only as a PR tool, sponsorship it is now a separatecomponent of the promotional mix, playing an important role in thewhole of the marketing mix. Sponsorship consultants & advertisingagencies now carry sponsorship as a separate marketing tool andresearch agencies provide profiles of audiences, evaluate and measuresuccess.The growth of the sponsorship industry has been largely at the expenseof other forms of advertising, such as media advertising & due to therestrictions on advertising products such as alcohol and t obacco. Sponsorship of charities & other worthy concerns has also adult aspart of cause-related marketing programmes. Types of SponsorshipThe UK sponsorship industry can be divided into quaternity main sectorssports, broadcast and social and environmental and its sponsors paylarge sums of money to be associated with events that have worldwidecoverage. Spo... ... Sudharshan - Mastering merchandise Financial multiplication- The Essence of Services Marketing Adrian Payne- Value Based Marketing Doyle- Marketing Plans Malcom Macdonald- Marketing Principles and Practice Adcock, Bradfield, Halborg, Ross- Marketing CommunicationsWebsites- www.knowthis.com- www.cim.co.uk- www.dti.gov.uk- www.mintel.co.uk- www.wmrc.com - worldmarketsresearch centre- www.magrathesolutions.com- www.marketingguru.com- www.marketignteacher.com- www.meansbusiness.com- www.mediamixweb.com- www.dma.co.uk- www.idm.co.uk- www.etstrategicmarketing.com- www.marketingprofs.com- www.netmba.com - www.mtsu.com- www.banat.com.au- www.jackmartin.com- www.sponsorship.com- www.vodafone.co.uk- www.variantrandomstate.org- www.uksponsoship.com- www.standardlife.com- www.tinthepark.com- www.themanager.corg- www.sportlink.au.co.uk- www.sohotheatre.co.uk- www.publicity.org- www.nike.com- www.news.bbc.co.uk- www.netmba.com- www.stellaartois.com- www.sportssponsorship.co.uk- www.marketingvox.xom

Writing to About My English Classes Essay -- Writing About Writing

I am report to you to tell you more about the English human body I am fetching at State University. You know how I always call for troubles in English essays? Well, today I am delighted to tell you that my writing has improved significantly after taking the English 101 class conducted by Professor Rob Geis. I enjoyed this class very much and I would like to share with the whatever(prenominal) of you how I have learnt to use writing and reading for inquiry, thinking, and communicating in English. The ten weeks of English class has been interesting and fruitful, I have learnt a lot of writing and reading skills that have indeed helped me in modify my English. For our Project One, we were required to salve about an experience of how we successfully persuaded some other person. Before I started writing, my teacher, Professor Geis taught the class how to write rhetorical compositions, she gave us many articles that are of good examples. We were taught in class the rhet orical strategies for cogent compositions- the ethos, pathos and logos. I learnt that ethos means the characters in the composition, pathos means the emotions expressed by the composition and lastly logos means logic of the composition. In addition, Professor Geis discussed with us the words that people sometimes misused, for example some people would confuse the word advice and advise. In particular, I have learnt that in order to write a good essay on persuasion, I have to include the process of persuasion in the essay in order for the audience to understand. Moreover, professor has kindly shared with us a few model essays from other students. In my Project One essay, I wrote about the process of how I successfully persuaded mum to allow me to depart my major and also to study... ...ave learnt to use exploratory writing to present my look findings and rhetorical analysis to explain my research question and purpose. Overall, I have learnt to become a better research paper writ er finished Project Two. The ten weeks of English 101 classes have been rewarding for me, I am now better at communicating with my audiences in writing and using writings and readings to support my thoughts and ideas. Looking back at my ii projects, I think I have done well in constructing my ideas and organizing the ideas into the essays. Areas I need to improve on are sentence structures and fictive writing skills, which are things I definitely hope to be open to learn in ENGL 102. That is all for what I am going to write today. Hope you are happy to hear about my improvements in English. bring out me back when you are free. Hope to talk to you again soon.

Submissive and Evil Women of The Holy Bible :: Holy Bible Essays

The Submissive and Evil Women of the volume The discussion and the church building have been the greatest stumbling blocks in theway of womans emancipation. A far-famed 19th century feminist named Elizabeth Cady Stanton voiced thisabout her struggle for womens freedom. Women, considered a lower class than themen, wanted this oppressiveness changed. Part of the reason for the subjugation ofwomen is that the Bible could be interpreted in many different slipway to suit theneeds of the interpreter. These interpretations of the Bible are in partcreditworthy for the flavour that women are of a lower class than men. The reasonthis belief is present in our society is that approximately 85% of Americans areJudeo-Christian. We give away examples of these beliefs when we look at the church,the daily lives of women, and the media. Looking at 1 timothy 211-12, we seewhy our religious society could interpret the Bible this wayLet a woman learn in inhibit with all submission, and do not p ermit a woman to see or to have authority over a man, but to be in silence. We must look at the historical context of the passing game. scriptedapproximately 2000 years ago, many parts of the Bible seem outdated. The passageportrays a time when women were property and were trained to be weak andfragile. This halt only about 30 years ago. Before this time, society taughtwomen from origin to be submissive to men. What does this mean to us today? Itmeans that although American Society is no longer training women to besubmissive, the problem is becalm present in our belief system. Many churches donot deal that women should be part of the clergy. This is because theyinterpret parts of the Bible, such as 1 Timothy 211-12, as saying that only menshould preach. In 1848, women made a retaliation to these sentiments. At theSeneca Falls convention, women (including Elizabeth Cady Stanton) signed aDeclaration of Sentiments. In the declaration it states He allows her in church, as consider ably as state, but a subordinate position, claiming apostolic authority for her excommunication from the ministry, and, with some exceptions, from any public participation in the affairs of the church (Declaration 1) The people that these women fought against, including other women,believe that it is the duty of a woman to be quiet and submissive. I haveexperienced this anti-freedom dogma growing up in the Church of Christ community.I experience this dogma when I talk with my grandmother, a woman who lives by

Defining Beauty for Men and Women in Portraiture Essay -- Masculine Fe

Defining Beauty for Men and Women in characterization ... A thing of viewer is a joy forever Its loveliness increases it testament never Pass into nothingness ... What is kayo? Seemingly a continually evolving and infinitely elusive ideal - mankind has been obsessed with the concept of beauty throughout the ages. Portraiture, as an essential channel of visual communication, has traditionally been the fair through which definitions of beauty are graphically expressed. Particularly in the conversion where portraiture lots served celebratory or commemorative purposes, it was crucial that portraits were received as aesthetically pleasing reflections of the kind ideals of the time. Hence by equivalence and contrasting a range of different portraits of depicting men and women of the reincarnation such as Titians La Bella, Bronzinos Eleonora de Medici, Sofonisba Anguissolas egotism Portrait, Vasaris Alessandro de Medici, Bronzinos Cosimo de Medici as Orpheus and Pedro Berruguete s Portrait of Federico da Mentelfeltro, viewing audience can gain an understanding of the conceptual differences in definitions of masculine and distaff beauty during this period.Titians La Bella Portrait of a Woman in a Blue Dress (1536) is a captivating example of metempsychosis ritratto (portraiture) demonstrating ideals of feminine beauty. It perplexs the image of a vibrant young woman. With smooth, light peel off tone and delicate rounded face the woman is clearly outlined as an exceptional beauty. Framed at a slight be given to the picture frame, La Bella emerges from the dark neutral background with subtly averted gaze, at once both inviting and refrained. Through the conflict of La Bellas tempting yet submissive presentation, the portrait captures the essence of Renaissance female beauty perfectly, presenting the mildly sensual nature of the womans image as a joy in itself.To complement her dignified demeanour, La Bella wears an astonishingly intricate and extravag ant blue gown. For a period when women were without a worldly concern voice and remained dependant on signs of visual identity such as clothing and jewellery, such a display of finery implies significant wealth and social status. Considering the seductive rendering of the fabric utilising costly lapis lazuli, it is clear Titian desired to present an image of ultimate feminine loveliness. The portrait is free from overt art... ...re often used as vital means of propaganda communication. Beyond these conventional images we take for such images as Cosimo de Medici as Orpheus and Self Portrait by Sofonisba. Which, although rare, were value as beautiful portraits of the time, and present and much more unusual and intriguing visions of beauty. Through the exploration of this diverse range portraiture, the contrasting ideals of masculine and feminine beauty in the Renaissance have been explored. Yet overall, no return what the gender orientation of the subject, it the discovery of su ch passionate and artistic gift presented which is essentially beautiful. Consequently, the grand appeal of such glorious images is heretofore appreciated today, and will continue to delight viewers for generations to come. BibliographyPaola Tingali Women in Italian Renaissance Art (Manchester 1997)Geraldine A. Johnson & Sara Greico Picturing Women in Renaissance and Baroque Italy (Cambridge 1997)Patricia SimonsPortraiture Facing the Subject ed Woodhall (Manchester 1997)Lorne CampbellRenaissance Portraits (Yale 1990)Alison ColeArt of the Italian Renaissance Courts (Everyman Art Library 1997)